chap 6 - developmental
Between what ages do sibling conflicts tend to decrease in frequency?
5 to 7 years of age
Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.
authoritarian
---- play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.
constructive
Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?
control acceptance responsiveness demand
Social play is the only type of play. true or false
false
True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.
false
Diana Baumrind has described ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.
four types
Which of the following most characterizes authoritative parenting?
verbal give-and-take
According to Baumrind, children whose parents are ---- are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.
authoritative
In all types of child maltreatment, which of the following is almost always present?
emotional abuse
Which of the following theories states that children appraise marital conflict in terms of their sense of security and safety in the family?
emotional security theory
Baumrind argued that parents should NOT do which of the following?
leave children to make their own rules be punitive or aloof
After a divorce, each of the following is more likely to be experienced by mothers than fathers EXCEPT
loss of child custody.
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are classified as part of the ______ because they represent broader societal contexts.
macrosystem
True or false: Divorce can be advantageous when the stresses and disruptions in family relationships can be reduced as a result of the move to a divorced, single-parent family.
true
On average, siblings between the ages of 2 and 4 have a conflict once every
10 minutes.
Custodial fathers experience the loss of about _______ of their predivorce income.
10 percent
By what age do most children know their sex (that is, the labeling of their biological or genetic makeup as female or male based on hormones, chromosomes, and internal and external genitalia)?
2
Custodial mothers experience the loss of about ______ of their predivorce income.
25 to 50 percent
Authoritarian parenting lacks which of the following?
Dialogue between parent and child
The mother's involvement with children drops off more than the father's involvement following a divorce. T or F
F
Which of the following statements about gender is true?
Gender refers to the characteristics of people as females or males.
Which of the following is true about the problems seen in children from divorced homes?
Their problems may be the result of the marital conflict that led to the divorce.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of games?
They are most popular in the preschool years.
True or false: A recent study revealed that coparenting influenced young children's effortful control above and beyond maternal and paternal parenting alone.
True
Research has shown some children from divorced families are more likely to have which of the following?
anxiety drug issues depression academic problems
Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?
anxiety about comparing themselves with others weak communication skills failure to initiate activity unhappiness and fearfulness
What parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions?
authoritative parenting
child maltreatment
child neglect, emotional & sexual & physical abuse
Which of the following factors influence the risk of and vulnerability to negative consequences of divorce for a child?
custody situation child's predivorce adjustment child's personality and temperament
Which theory would be most likely to explore the idea that parenting is influenced by culture, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status?
ecological theory
Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
embarrassment guilt shame pride
Gender ----- is a person's inner sense of being a girl/woman, boy/man, another gender, or no gender.
identity
Which of the following are characteristic of children whose parents are neglectful?
inability to handle independence immaturity low self-esteem social incompetence
Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by
infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?
initiative versus guilt
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents.
just as likely to be
--- development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
moral
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
moral
Children who exhibit the poorest adjustment to parental divorce are those that have been involved in how many parental divorces?
multiple
Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.
nature
The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child ----
neglect
According to Baumrind, the ---- style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.
neglectful
Children raised by ----- parents generally feel that other aspects of their parents' lives are more important than they are and tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity.
neglectful
Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?
neglectful
parent style
neglectful, authoritative, authoritarian, indlugent
Two friends are about the same age and maturity level. They are
peers
A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as
play
Sensorimotor ---- is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.
play
Children who repeatedly throw a ball against a wall to work on their aim are engaging in what type of play?
practice
______ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
practice
At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?
preschool
Which of the following constitute direct emotional abuse?
psychological abuse mental injury verbal abuse
If the stresses and disruptions in the family are ______ by the move to a divorced, single-parent family, divorce can be advantageous.
reduced
A gender ---- is a set of expectations that prescribes how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender.
role
According to some child psychologists, children's pretend-play narratives emphasize which of the following capacities?
role-taking metacognition balance of social roles
The amount of time individuals spend with television, DVDs, computers, video games, and hand-held electronic devices such as smartphones is referred to as screen --- time.
screen
Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics?
self-reliance and achievement orientation friendliness with peers cheerfulness and self-control
What type of impact does television have on children's development?
significant impact
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?
social biological theory
Which type of play involves interactions with peers?
social play
Which key elements are important to improving the adjustment of children of divorce?
the use of the authoritative parenting style a harmonious relationship between the divorced parents
The ______ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.
authoritarian
Negative consequences of divorce are more likely to occur in which of the following?
children who do not have an easy temperament children who are not responsible children who are not socially mature
-- is defined as the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.
coparenting
______ refers to the characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.
gender
Which of the following provides a framework for how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender?
gender roles
According to Baumrind, the ______ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.
indulgent
According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?
indulgent
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up.
no more likely
Who do young children identify with most during the initiative-versus-guilt stage?
parents
Children of about the same age or maturity level are described as -----
peers
Many experts on play consider the ______ years the "golden age" of symbolic/pretense play.
preschool
Social play increases dramatically during the ______ years.
preschool
A child who uses a hairbrush as a microphone while singing is engaging in what type of play?
pretense/symbolic
What are the three proposed social theories of gender?
psychoanalytic theory social cognitive theory social role theory
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
self-conscious
What type of emotion includes embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
self-conscious
