Chaper 17 micro

Anaerobes

Able to Replicate in the absence of oxygen. Differ in response to oxygen

Actinomycosis

Actinomycetes wsp

An organism that can live in reduce concentration of oxygen but prefers an anaerobic environment is known as

Aerotolrent

What is the criteria for sputum acceptability?

An acceptable specimen has more than 25 leukocytes and fewer than 10 epithelial cells per low power field. 10/25

N. gonorrhea and N. meningitidis

Are fastidious⮚ Require enriched media for optimal recovery⮚ Require iron for growth⮚ Strict human pathogens

N. gonorrhoeae:Clinical Infections in Women

As many as 50% are asymptomatic⬤ Endocervix is most common site of infection⬤ Symptoms (if symptomatic)⮚ Dysuria⮚ Cervical discharge⮚ Lower abdominal pain⬤ Complications⮚ Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)⮚ Sterility⮚ Ectopic pregnancy⮚ Perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome)

A 67-year-old male had rheumatic heart disease for thirty years. Three months prior to death he began to have episodes of fever and chills accompanied by signs of worsening congestive heart failure. Splinter hemorrhages and purpuric skin rashes were noted three weeks before death.

Bacteria

Which of the following specimens would be unacceptable for anaerobic cultures

Urethral Swab

Neisseriaceae general characteristics

Canophilic Thrive in O2 Gram negative diplococci Cytochrome oxidase and catalase and catalase positive Grows in humid atmosphere can grow anerobically

Describe the following picture and the next test you would perform after observing this gram stain

Catalase test then a Coagulase Test

One main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryote is

Chromosomes

N. gonorrhoeaeSpecimen Collection and Transport

Clinical specimens⮚ Genital sites• Urethra in males⮞ Collect purulent discharge⮞ If no discharge, insert swab (Dacron or rayon) 2 cm in urethraand slowly rotate.• Endocervix in females Rectal culture⮚ Insert swab 4 to 5 cm into the anal canal⬤ Oral/pharyngeal⬤ Eye⬤ Blood/joint fluids⬤ When possible, the laboratory must be notifiedwhen a sample for gonococcal recovery isexpected

Botulism

Clostridium botulinum

Pseudomembranous colitis

Clostridium difficile

A gram-positive bacillus was isolated for my warm specimen in here the following characteristics double zone of being hemolyzed let the recent positive light pays negative spot in the negative what is the most likely identification of these organism

Clostridium perfringenes

myonecrosis death of muscle tissue

Clostridium perfringens

Tetanus

Clostridium tetani

Obligate aerobes (grows in the presence of oxygen

Code PB3MN Pseudomonas Brucella Bordetella Bacillus Cyrus mycobacterium tuberculosis Nocardia

Obligate anaerobes (no Oxygen)

Code ABC Actinomyces Bactericides Clostridium

Quantitative streak

Colony forming Unit Commonly used for growing an even amount of a pure bacterial culture to determine antibiotic resistance

The three basic shapes of bacteria include all of the following

cocci, spirochetes and bacilli

Obligate strict anaerobes

Cute in the presence of oxygen almost immediately

N. gonorrhea Specimen Collection tubes

Daycron swabs calcium alginate and cotton swabs are inhibitory to N. gonnorrhoeae

Which is the common cause of an UTI

E coli

An elderly wheelchair-bound man had a history of recurrent urinary tract infections he presents with new onset of fever chills and confusion blood cultures were drawn the organism growing was nonhemolytic catalase negative and PRY posit grandstand show gram-positive cocci what is most likely organizing

Enterococcus species

beta hemolysis

complete lysis of red blood cells

Endogenus anaerobes least likely to be involved in cases of bacteremia are

Eubacterium

Neisseriaceae Significance

Exist as usual biota in the upper respiratory andurogenital tracts⮚ Meaning most isolates are considered opportunisticpathogens⮚ N. meningitidis can be commensal inhabitant incarriers

And anaerobic pleomorphic gram-negative bacilli was recovered from a liver masses the special potency anti-microbio disk demonstrated that the organism was vancomycin resistant and Coliston and kanamycin sensitive other results were as follows chartreuse fluorescence Spot Indole positive in lipase positive what is the most likely identification of the organism

Furobactium necrophorum

This image is of a Gram stain prepared from a positive blood culture. Which of the following choices is the MOST appropriate report that the tech should provide to the physician?

Gram cocci in chains

Neisseriaceae

Gram negative cocci, oxidase positive

Growth of the primary human pathogens onselective media, such as modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) or New York city agars, is notconsidered confirmatory.

Gram stain of thecolony, oxidase, and additional laboratory testsmust be performed to confirm identification

Anaerobic infections of exogenous origin are usually caused by

Gram-positive spore forming bacilli belonging to the genies clostridium

Over the course of 1 week, a 6-year-old boy develops 0.5- to 1.0-cm pustules on his face. During the next 2 days, some of the pustules break, forming shallow erosions covered by a honey-colored crust. New lesions then form around the crust. The boy's 40-year-old uncle develops similar lesions after visiting for 1 week during the child's illness. The microbiological examination revealed Gram-positive cocci that were catalase-negative. What is the most likely diagnosis? a/ anthrax b/ impetigo c/ mycobacteriosis of the skin d/ tularemia

Impetigo This grows yellow on a blood agar plate

Over the course of one week a six year old boy developed 0.5 to 1.0 CM posters on his face. During the next two days some of the pussies break for Michello erosions covered by a honey colored crust. New lesions formed around the crust. The boys 40 -year-old uncle develop similar lesions after visiting for one week during the chows units what is the most likely

Impetigo caused by staphylococcus aureus

N. gonorrhoeae:Clinical Infections in Men

Incubation period: 2 to 7 days Transmitted only by intimate sexual contact Asymptomatic gonococcal infection is uncommon. 90% of infected men show symptoms of acute infection. Symptoms - Dysuria, urethral discharge Complications - Epididymitis: inflammation of small coiled tube of testicle - Urethral stricture: narrowing of the urethra - Prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate gland

Explain the two main things we observer on a MacConkey agar

MacConkey agar is a selective and differential medium used to isolate and differentiate Gram-negative bacteria, particularly members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.

isolation streak

Method used to isolate individual cells on an agar plate, which will then multiply into a group of identical bacteria and form a visible colony We use 1+ 3+ and so on

A sputum specimen from a cystic fibrosis patient grew Gram negative rods on sheep blood agar and MacConkey's agar. The organism Gram negative bacillus, motile, non-spore former bacterium, catalase positive, oxidase positive

Most pikely organism is Pseudomonas as it is an oxidase positive, pigment producing, non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli. It is a major pathogen responsible for most of the hospital acquired infections and also of importance in patients with cystic fibrosis

Neisseriaceae Family

Neisseria, Kingella, Eikenella, Simonsiella, Alysiella

gamma hemolysis

No hemolysis, and no change in the blood agar around the colony

Which bacteria cannot growing in the presence of oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

What spot test is the main differentiator between Enterobacterales and non fermenters?

Oxidase test

Most Neisseria species are

Oxidase-positive, gram-negative diplococci in pairs sides flattend

The function of the cell wall is to

Provide rigdety and strength the exterior wall support, protection and shape

The organism MOST LIKELY to infect normal heart valves is:

Staphylococcus aureus

Animal ropes I'm pulling in human medicine because

They can produce serious and often fatal infections and intoxication

The heart valve MOST OFTEN affected by infective endocarditis in IV drug abusers is the:

Tricuspid Valve

Gonorrhea morphology

Urethral discharge of a symptomatic male⮞ Kidney bean-shaped gram-negative intracellular diplococci⮞ When present, 89% likely to be gonococcal infection n women• 50% to 70% correlation of direct Gram stain with culture• Commensal vaginal microbiota resembles gonococci⮚ Discharge in symptomatic women• Gram stain may be helpful• Culture is necessary for confirmation⮚ Gram-stained smear with more than fivepolymorphonuclear neutrophils per field with nobacteria suggests nongonococcal urethritis

N. gonorrhea treatment

a single dose of 500 mg of intramuscular Ceftriaxone

N. gonorrhoeae

always pathogenic

M. catarrhalis is asaccharolytic

and it isdifferentiated from Neisseria spp. by beingtributyrin hydrolysis positive or DNase positive

N.gonorrhea and N meningitides

are primary human pathogens genus

Anaerobic bacteria

bacteria that do not require oxygen to survive

Impetigo-Staphylococcus aureus

bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

facultative aerobes

can use oxygen or not Aerobic change to anaerobes Lactobacillus

Capnophilic

carbon dioxide loving bacteria Code - BPH Brucella about s Pneumococcus Haemophilus

Pathogenic species are

fastidious organisms requiring enriched and selective media for optimal recovery

Strep pneumoniae

gram positive cocci

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

humans are the only natural host

Growth of the primary human pathogens onselective media, such as modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) or New York city agars,

is notconsidered confirmatory. Gram stain of thecolony, oxidase, and additional laboratory testsmust be performed to confirm identification

The incidence of infections caused bycommensal Neisseria spp

is very low unless found in aspecimen from a normally sterile site and arerarely associated with septicemia andendocarditis.

Initial screening of gram-negative rods is done by testing for the use of this carbohydrate

lactose test

gonorrhea male

male discharge intracellular and extracellular negative diplococci for N. gonorrhea Direct smears with polymorphononuclear nuetrophils

gonnoria meaning

means flow of seed when urethral discharge was mistaking for semen

N. gonnorrhoeae

most common transmitted by sexual contact Asymptomatic carriers must be reported state health laborites

Disease in newborns

occurs vaginal delivery through infected birth canal if not treated can cause blindness Every one must be treated at birth

N. meningitidis

opportunistic invasive pathogen upperrespiratory tract of carriers

All othterm-57er Neisseria species are

opportunistic pathogens and must bedifferentiated from

Facultative anaerobes/aerobes

organisms that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen-they do aerobic cell resp when oxygen is present, and some other energy metabolism when oxygen is absent -nearly all prokaryotes and fungi are in this category do both processes depending on what is availble

Neisseria are

oxidase positive aerobic organisms that grow best in C02

What biochemical tests will differentiate nonfermenters from enterobacterales except plesiomonas

oxidase test

alpha hemolysis

partial hemolysis (green)

Pathogenic species are fastidious organisms

require enriched and selective media for optimal recovery

M.catarrhalis

respiratory infections associated with opportunistic infections including otitis infections media,sinusitis, and lower respiratory infections

gonorrhea culture and media incubation characteristics

selective media inoculated culture at 35 C in 3% to 5% carbon dioxide CO2 incubater Generating pouch⮚ Candle extinction ja

medium is used in the motility test

semi-solid

An elderly wheelchair bound man had a history of recurrent urinary tract infections. He presents with new onset of fever, chills, and confusion. Blood cultures were drawn. The organism grown was non-hemolytic, catalase negative, and PYR positive. Gram stain showed gram positive cocci. What is the most likely organism?

staphylococcus epidermis

Streptococcus pyogenes

strep throat

Some anaerobes are particularly susceptible to oxygen because they lack the enzyme

superoxide dismutase

why is the most cases of salmonella food poisoning are not treated with antibiotics

this disease is self limiting and it will dissolve on its own

N. gonorrhoeaeColony Morphology

⬤ Colony morphology on modified Thayer-Martin(MTM) agar⮚ Small, gray to tan⮚ Translucent, raised42N. gonorrhoeaeColony Morphology

⬤ Colony morphology on modified Thayer-Martin(MTM) agar⮚ Small, gray to tan⮚ Translucent, raised42N. gonorrhoeaeColony Morphology

⬤ Colony morphology on modified Thayer-Martin(MTM) agar⮚ Small, gray to tan⮚ Translucent, raised42N. gonorrhoeaeColony Morphology