Chapter 1 2110 study guide

Variable

Are parameters that are monitored and controlled or affected by the feedback system.

List the survival needs of the body

Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal Body Temperature Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

Provide a response to the following criticism of "movement" as necessary for human life: "Humans can be comatose and not exhibit any visible movement whatsoever and they are still alive, therefore movement is not required in the definition of life"

The blood flowing in your veins.

Embryology

The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development

Cytology

The branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of plant and animal cells.

Describe anatomical position

A person is standing erect with the head, eyes and toes pointing forward, feet together with arms by the side. The palms of the hands point forward.

Digestion

A series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes.

Equilibrium

A state of balance between opposing forces or actions that is either static as in a body acted on by forces whose resultant is zero. or dynamic as in a reversible chemical reaction when the velocities in both directions are equal.

Define homeostasis and explain its significance

A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body. Maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action throughout the body, as well as all cell functions.

Excitability

Ability to respond to stimuli.

Compare & contrast the terms anatomy & physiology

Anatomy: Study of the structure of living organisms. Physiology: Study of the function of living organisms.

List the levels of structural organization in correct order

Atoms- Smallest part of an element. Molecules- Group of atoms that form something new. Organelles- Cell parts that one membrane bond with a function. Cells- Group of organelles. Tissues- Group of cells. Organ- Many tissues that have common purpose. Organ System- Organs functioning together. Organism- Human (Group of organ system)

List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life

Boundaries Movement Responsiveness/Excitability Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease

Cancer results from an imbalance of the homeostatic system that prevents cell division.

Efferent

Carrying away or away from, especially a nerve fiber that carries action potentials away from the central nervous system.

Afferent

Carrying to or toward a center.

Nutrients

Chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building.

Electrolyte

Chemical substances, such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current.

Serous fluid

Clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane.

Embryo

Developmental stage extending from fertilization to the end of the eighth week.

Excretion

Elimination of waste products from the body.

Interstitial fluid

Fluid between the cells.

Define the terms gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy & embryology

Gross Anatomy: the branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye. Systemic Anatomy: Is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. Microscopic Anatomy: The study of normal structure of an organism under the microscope. Developmental Anatomy: Is the study of the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan. Embryology: The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.

Tissue

Group of cells.

Renal-/Neuro-/Cardiovascular physiology

Heart and kidneys. Brain

Function

How it works.

List the 12 organ systems pictured in the book and recognize the major organs of each.

Integumentary System: Skin, Hair, and Nails Skeletal System: Basic framework of body Muscular System: Helps us move Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs Endocrine System: Glands that secrete hormones Circulatory System: Blood, heart, and blood vessels Lymphatic System: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and lymphoid organs Immune System: Defense system; protects from pathogens. Respiratory System: Lungs Digestive System: Breaks down food Urinary System: Kidneys, helps excrete waste Reproductive System: Reproductive organs

When given a major organ, state the body cavity in which it is located.

Look at Notebook

Identify the relative position of major body organs correctly with orientation and directional terms

Look at notebook

Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions and associated membranes and list the major organs contained within them

Look at notebook

Use correct anatomical terms the describe body orientations, directions, regions, and sections

Look at notebook

Organ

Many tissues that have common purpose.

Contractility

Muscle cell′s ability to move by shortening.

Define negative & positive feedback

Negative Feedback: "Most commonly used," when a change in homeostasis occurs, the change is immediately reversed to return homeostasis. Positive Feedback: "Rarely used," when a change in homeostasis occurs, the change can continue until an event occurs and then homeostasis is returned.

Organ system

Organs functioning together.

Organismal

Person/organ

Explain what "dynamic state of equilibrium" means

Sense that reports on angular (rotational) acceleration or deceleration of the head in space.

List the components of a homeostatic control system

Stimulus Receptor Input Output Response

Histology

Study of tissues.

Metabolism

Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells.

Serosa

The moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities

State the function of serous membranes

They secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement, organ, and body wall.

Structure

What shape it is made of.

When given a description of anatomy, identify which level of structural organization it matches

atoms