Chapter 1-3 Psych 202
_____ describes a hypothetical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs.
A theory
Humanistic Psychology
An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings.
Amygdala
As part of the limbic system, the _____ attaches significance to previously neutral events that are associated with fear, punishment, or reward.
Which famous psychologist created a stir when they claimed that free will is an illusion?
B. F. Skinner
An EEG
Dr. Billings studies brain-wave patterns that occur when people are dreaming. He attaches a device to the outside of people's skulls to measure electrical activity in the brain. What type of device is he using?
Emotions are complex in nature. Some philosophers have argued that emotions have evolved to help species adapt to their environment. This view of emotions is BEST illustrated by what approach?
Functionalism
Jenny thinks she knows what Professor Black's study is about, so she responds in a way that she thinks will help him to support his hypothesis. How can Professor Black maximizethe validity of his observations of Jenny's behavior?
He can keep Jenny and the person observing her behavior blind about the purpose of his study.
Which area of psychology focuses on helping people to realize their full potential?
Humanistic psychology
What is Psychology ?
It is the scientific study of the mind and behavior
Hysteria
Jean- Martin Charcot (1825-1893) became interested in studying patients who had developed an unusual condition then known as hysteria, which is a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences.
Carlos, a graduate student in psychology, is recording the number of wrong turns that rats make in trying to navigate a maze. He observes five rats and finds that they make 2, 3, 3, 6, and 1 errors, respectively. Carlos calculates the mean, median, and mode for the number of errors. Which sequence below gives the correct mean, median, and mode for Carlos's data?
Mean = 3, Median = 3, Mode = 3
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what is the MOST important influence on our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors?
Our unconscious
_____ refers to the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.
Refractory period
A rat is being trained to learn its way through a complex maze. When the rat successfully makes its way through the maze, it receives water and food. What psychological principle does this example illustrate?
Reinforcement
Frontal Lobes
The famous case study of Phineas Gage helped us to understand the role that the _____ play(s) in controlling one's emotions and making decisions.
James's grandmother was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. James wanted to do some research so that he could help his grandmother better understand this disease. Through his research, James found that Alzheimer's involves the deterioration of what neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
What is referred to as an all-or-nothing event?
action potentials
L-Dopa is a drug given to individuals with Parkinson's disease. This drug helps with the symptoms of the disease because it is a(n) _____ for dopamine.
agonist
Psychoanalytic theory
an approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
double-blind technique
an experimental control in which neither the participants nor the researchers interacting with the participants are aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned
Psychoanalysis
bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders. Freud's theory suggested that the key to curing psychological problems was to help people remember the early experiences that were causing those problems.
Wilhelm Wundt's brand of psychology focused on the study of _____, while John Watson's brand of psychology focused on the study of _____.
consciousness; behavior
Jenny thinks she knows what Professor Black's study is about, so she responds in a way that she thinks will help him to support his hypothesis. It is likely that there are some _____ that are influencing Jenny's behavior.
demand characteristics
Which sequence is the CORRECT one for information traveling within a single neuron?
dendrites, cell body, axon
How would you describe a correlation coefficient of r = − 1.10?
impossible
When an experiment is _____, we can draw accurate inferences about the causal relationship between an independent and dependent variable
internally valid
Unconscious
mind that operates outside of awareness but that influences thoughts, feelings, and actions.
Research has shown that, when certain groups of animals observe another engaging in a particular behavior, some of the same neurons also become active in the observer animal. This is due to the action of what type of neuron?
mirror
Which is NOT a requirement of the ethical code governing psychological research?
monetary compensation
What concept does the statement, "Depression is defined as significant scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)," BEST illustrate?
operational definition
The idea that all knowledge is attained through experience was referred to as _____ by the Greek philosopher Aristotle.
philosophical empiricism
The brain is remarkably adaptive and the functions of areas that are damaged may be taken over by other areas of the brain. What is the term for this phenomenon?
plasticity
If we want to know how a group of 100 three-year-olds will perform on a computerized memory task and select 20 of the three-year-olds to actually do the task, then the group of 100 refers to our _____ and the group of 20 refers to our _____.
population; sample
In order for a neuron to respond to a particular neurotransmitter, it must possess a(n) _____ for that neurochemical.
receptor
Stimulus
sensory input from the environment) and to salivation as the response (which is a reaction to a stimulus).
Janell holds her hand close to a fire. Her _____ neurons allow her to feel the heat, while her _____ neurons allow her to move her hand away from the fire.
sensory; motor
Suzanne has been having difficulty falling asleep and waking up in the morning. She has also noticed that her appetite has changed and that she has become somewhat more aggressive. What neurotransmitter is MOST likely involved in Suzanne's symptoms?
serotonin
In a study examining the effects of stress (stress group vs. no-stress group) on memory performance, _____ is the independent variable and _____ is the dependent variable.
stress vs. no stress; memory performance
You are driving down an unfamiliar road at night and an animal darts out in front of your car. You quickly slam on the brakes and avoid hitting the animal. Your ability to respond quickly to this situation was MOST likely promoted by your
sympathetic nervous system.
Which components make up the major parts of the peripheral nervous system?
the autonomic and somatic nervous systems
Reinforcement
the consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur again.
What term can be used to describe the "no stress" group in a study examining the effects of stress (stress group vs. no-stress group) on memory performance?
the control group
Which major area of the brain deals with information coming in from and going out through the spinal cord?
the hindbrain
Which part of the brain will form FIRST in prenatal development?
the hindbrain
behaviorism
the idea that psychology should restrict itself to studying objectively observable behavior
Nativism
the view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn.
When researchers find that increased viewing of television soap operas is associated with increased sexual behavior, they cannot conclude that the TV viewing caused the sexual activity because some other factor, such as lack of parental supervision, might be responsible for both behaviors. This problem is known as the _____ problem.
third-variable
If an observation is _____, then we can draw accurate inferences from it.
valid
A property whose value can change over individuals or over time is a
variable.
The occipital lobe is to _____ as the parietal lobe is to _____.
vision; touch
