Chapter 1

For which of the following strings is it NOT possible to use byte pair encoding to shorten the string's length?

"LEVEL_UP"

A color in a computing application is represented by an RGB triplet that describes the amount of red, green, and blue, respectively, used to create the desired color. A selection of colors and their corresponding RGB triplets are shown in the following table. Each value is represented in decimal (base 10). What is the binary RGB triplet for the color indigo?

(01001011, 00000000, 10000010)

Each student that enrolls at a school is assigned a unique ID number, which is stored as a binary number. The ID numbers increase sequentially by 1 with each newly enrolled student. If the ID number assigned to the last student who enrolled was the binary number 1001 0011, what binary number will be assigned to the next student who enrolls?

1001 0100

An online store uses 6-bit binary sequences to identify each unique item for sale. The store plans to increase the number of items it sells and is considering using 7-bit binary sequences. Which of the following best describes the result of using 7-bit sequences instead of 6-bit sequences?

2 times as many items can be uniquely identified.

The player controls in a particular video game are represented by numbers. The controls and their corresponding binary values are shown in the following table. The numeric values for the controls can also be represented in decimal (base 10). What is the decimal value for the jump control?

24

A video-streaming Web site uses 32-bit integers to count the number of times each video has been played. In anticipation of some videos being played more times than can be represented with 32 bits, the Web site is planning to change to 64-bit integers for the counter. Which of the following best describes the result of using 64-bit integers instead of 32-bit integers?

2^32 times as many values can be represented.

Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) represents each IP address as a 32-bit binary number. Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) represents each IP address as a 128-bit binary number. Which of the following best describes the result of using 128-bit addresses instead of 32-bit addresses?

2^96 times as many addresses are available.

A store uses binary numbers to assign a unique binary sequence to each item in its inventory. What is the minimum number of bits required for each binary sequence if the store has between 75 and 100 items in its inventory?

7

An office uses an application to assign work to its staff members. The application uses a binary sequence to represent each of 100 staff members. What is the minimum number of bits needed to assign a unique bit sequence to each staff member?

7

A text-editing application uses binary sequences to represent each of 200 different characters. What is the minimum number of bits needed to assign a unique bit sequence to each of the possible characters?

8

Consider the 4-bit binary numbers 0011, 0110, and 1111. Which of the following decimal values is NOT equal to one of these binary numbers?

9

A person wants to transmit an audio file from a device to a second device. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the use of lossless compression of the original file?

A device compresses the audio file before transmitting it to a second device. The second device restores the compressed file to its original version before playing it.

Which of the following is an advantage of a lossless compression algorithm over a lossy compression algorithm?

A lossless compression algorithm can guarantee reconstruction of original data, while a lossy compression algorithm cannot.

Which of the following actions is most likely to raise legal or ethical concerns?

A musician creates a song using samples of a copyrighted work and then uses a Creative Commons license to publish the song.

Which of the following best explains how an analog audio signal is typically represented by a computer?

An analog audio signal is measured at regular intervals. Each measurement is stored as a sample, which is represented at the lowest level as a sequence of bits.

Consider the following numeric values. Binary 1011 Binary 1101 Decimal 5 Decimal 12 Which of the following lists the values in order from least to greatest?

Decimal 5, binary 1011, decimal 12, binary 1101

A certain programming language uses 4-bit binary sequences to represent nonnegative integers. For example, the binary sequence 0101 represents the corresponding decimal value 5. Using this programming language, a programmer attempts to add the decimal values 14 and 15 and assign the sum to the variable total. Which of the following best describes the result of this operation?

An overflow error will occur because 4 bits is not large enough to represent 29, the sum of 14 and 15.

Byte pair encoding is a data encoding technique. The encoding algorithm looks for pairs of characters that appear in the string more than once and replaces each instance of that pair with a corresponding character that does not appear in the string. The algorithm saves a list containing the mapping of character pairs to their corresponding replacement characters. Which of the following statements about byte pair encoding is true?

Byte pair encoding is an example of a lossless transformation because an encoded string can be restored to its original version.

A user wants to save a data file on an online storage site. The user wants to reduce the size of the file, if possible, and wants to be able to completely restore the file to its original version. Which of the following actions best supports the user's needs?

Compressing the file using a lossless compression algorithm before uploading it

Digital images are often represented by the red, green, and blue values (an RGB triplet) of each individual pixel in the image. A photographer is manipulating a digital image and overwriting the original image. Which of the following describes a lossless transformation of the digital image?

Creating the negative of an image by creating a new RGB triplet for each pixel in which each value is calculated by subtracting the original value from 255. The negative of an image is reversed from the original; light areas appear dark, and colors are reversed.

Which of the following best describes the impact of Creative Commons?

Creative Commons gives creators of digital content the ability to indicate how their works can be legally used and distributed, enabling broad access to digital information.

A video game character can face toward one of four directions: north, south, east, and west. Each direction is stored in memory as a sequence of four bits. A new version of the game is created in which the character can face toward one of eight directions, adding northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast to the original four possibilities. Which of the following statements is true about how the eight directions must be stored in memory?

Four bits are enough to store the eight directions.

An author is considering publishing an e-book using a Creative Commons license. In which of the following situations would it be better for the author to use a Creative Commons license instead of a traditional copyright? I. The author wants to make the e-book available as a free download. II. The author wants to prevent people from sharing copies of the e-book on peer-to-peer networks. III. The author wants to allow people permission to use and modify the e-book.

I and III

Some programming languages use constants, which are variables that are initialized at the beginning of a program and never changed. Which of the following are good uses for a constant? I. To represent the mathematical value π(pi) as 3.14 II. To represent the current score in a game III. To represent a known value such as the number of days in a week

I and III only

Which of the following are true statements about the data that can be represented using binary sequences? I. Binary sequences can be used to represent strings of characters. II. Binary sequences can be used to represent colors. III. Binary sequences can be used to represent audio recordings.

I, II, and III

Which of the following can be represented by a sequence of bits? I. An integer II. An alphanumeric character III. A machine language instruction

I, II, and III

A computer program uses 4 bits to represent nonnegative integers. Which of the following statements describes a possible result when the program uses this number representation? I. The operation 4+8 will result in an overflow error. II. The operation 7+10 will result in an overflow error. III. The operation 12+3 will result in an overflow error.

II only

The author of an e-book publishes the e-book using a no-rights-reserved Creative Commons license. Which of the following best explains the consequences of publishing the book with this type of license?

Individuals can freely distribute or use the contents of the e-book without needing to obtain additional permissions from the author.

A color in a computing application is represented by an RGB triplet that describes the amount of red, green, and blue, respectively, used to create the desired color. A selection of colors and their corresponding RGB triplets are shown in the following table. Each value is represented in decimal (base 10). According to information in the table, what color is represented by the binary RGB triplet (11111111, 11111111, 11110000) ?

Ivory

ASCII is a character-encoding scheme that uses 7 bits to represent each character. The decimal (base 10) values 65 through 90 represent the capital letters A through Z, as shown in the table below. What ASCII character is represented by the binary (base 2) number 1001010 ?

J

A programmer is developing software for a social media platform. The programmer is planning to use compression when users send attachments to other users. Which of the following is a true statement about the use of compression?

Lossy compression of an image file generally provides a greater reduction in transmission time than lossless compression does.

Which of the following is considered an unethical use of computer resources?

Purchasing a single-user copy of photo editing software and installing it on all the computers in a computer lab

In which of the following situations would it be most appropriate to choose lossy compression over lossless compression?

Storing music files on a smartphone in order to maximize the number of songs that can be stored

A program developed for a Web store represents customer account balances using a format that approximates real numbers. While testing the program, a software developer discovers that some values appear to be mathematically imprecise. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the imprecision?

The account balances are represented using a fixed number of bits, resulting in round-off errors.

An online gaming company is introducing several new initiatives to encourage respectful communication between players of online games. Which of the following best describes a solution that uses crowdsourcing?

The company allows individual players to endorse fellow players based on courteous interactions. Once a player receives enough endorsements, the player is given free rewards that can be used during gameplay.

A video-streaming Web site keeps count of the number of times each video has been played since it was first added to the site. The count is updated each time a video is played and is displayed next to each video to show its popularity. At one time, the count for the most popular video was about two million. Sometime later, the same video displayed a seven-digit negative number as its count, while the counts for the other videos displayed correctly. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the error?

The count for the video became larger than the maximum value allowed by the data type used to store the count.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using open-source software?

The original developer of open-source software provides free or low-cost support for users installing and running the software.

The position of a runner in a race is a type of analog data. The runner's position is tracked using sensors. Which of the following best describes how the position of the runner is represented digitally?

The position of the runner is sampled at regular intervals to approximate the real-word position, and a sequence of bits is used to represent each sample.

A computer program performs the operation 2/3 and represents the result as the value 0.6667. Which of the following best explains this result?

The precision of the result is limited due to the constraints of using a floating-point representation.

In a certain computer program, two positive integers are added together, resulting in an overflow error. Which of the following best explains why the error occurs?

The program can only use a fixed number of bits to represent integers; the computed sum is greater than the maximum representable value.

A programmer created a piece of software and wants to publish it using a Creative Commons license. Which of the following is a direct benefit of publishing the software with this type of license?

The programmer can specify the ways that other people are legally allowed to use and distribute the software.

Which of the following can be represented by a single binary digit? Select two answers

The remainder when dividing a whole number by 2 The value of a Boolean variable

A researcher wants to publish the results of a study in an open access journal. Which of the following is a direct benefit of publishing the results in this type of publication?

The researcher can allow the results to be easily obtained by other researchers and members of the general public.

A student is recording a song on her computer. When the recording is finished, she saves a copy on her computer. The student notices that the saved copy is of lower sound quality than the original recording. Which of the following could be a possible explanation for the difference in sound quality?

The song was saved using fewer bits per second than the original song.

A binary number is to be transformed by appending three 0s to the end of the number. For example, 11101 is transformed to 11101000. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the transformed number and the original number?

The transformed number is 8 times the value of the original number.

A user reads reviews of a popular artist's new album and then downloads the album from the Web site of a licensed online music seller. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a consequence of this action?

The user will be in violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).

Which of the following is a true statement about data compression?

There are trade-offs involved in choosing a compression technique for storing and transmitting data.

A media librarian at a movie studio is planning to save digital video files for archival purposes. The movie studio would like to be able to access full-quality videos if they are needed for future projects. Which of the following actions is LEAST likely to support the studio's goal?

Using lossy compression software to reduce the size requirements of the data being stored

A musician is creating a song using audio samples. Which of the following actions will minimize the risk of a copyright violation when creating sample-based music?

Using samples published with a no-rights-reserved Creative Commons license

ASCII is a character-encoding scheme that uses a numeric value to represent each character. For example, the uppercase letter "G" is represented by the decimal (base 10) value 71. A partial list of characters and their corresponding ASCII values are shown in the table below. ASCII characters can also be represented by hexadecimal numbers. According to ASCII character encoding, which of the following letters is represented by the hexadecimal (base 16) number 56?

V

A student purchases a single-user license of a copyrighted application and wants other students to be able to use it at the same time. Under which of the following conditions is it considered acceptable for the student to share the application?

When the student gets permission from the copyright owner of the application

The player controls in a particular video game are represented by numbers. The controls and their corresponding binary values are shown in the following table. The numeric values for the controls can also be represented in decimal (base 10). What control is represented by the decimal value 15 ?

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