Chapter 1

Ziggurat

a pyramid shaped structure for worship; also called mountain of God

Calculator

a small machine that is used for mathematical calculations

Aedes aegypti

"yellow fever mosquito" the virus is usually transmitted by this mosquito rampant during rainy season

Major Technological advancements during ancient time

Achievements of the early civilization such as Sumerian, Babylonian and Egyptians.

Latin word of Cuneiform

Cunues

Loius Pasteur

French biologist, microbiologists and chemist

Roman Government

They fully supported and dunded the development in the field of engineering and architectural so they were able to implement major projects such as large churches.

Bound books or Codex

With papyrus pages bound together and covered by animal skin the ancient Roman empire was able to produce the first books or codex

Record-keeping

also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and document the trades. it was also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other culture and cultivation

Salamander

an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes; invention that has a lot of potential

Anu

chief god, god of the sky

Communication

essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places

Plato

he believed that to utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture

Weapons and armors

important as well in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliance with other tribes, for security and protection was considered a major achievement

Engineering

in order to integrate their needs➖ for better transpo,establishment of structures and construction of bigger and stronger infrastructure people ventured into what is now known as the field of?

Samuel M. Kier

invented kerosene by refining petroleum

Aisa Mijeno

invented the SALT lamp

Dominic N. Chung, Lamberto Armada with Chief Designer Victor "Atoy" Llave

invented the salamander

Shinar

is the term used in the Hebrew Bible for the general region of Mesopotamia.

Sumeria

located on the southernmost tip of ancient mesopotamia

Medical Incubator

maintain conditions suitable for a new born usually a pre term baby

Ejeepney

major innovation that changed the transportation industry in the PH; primary transportation of most Filipinos

Dengue

mosquito borne viral illness is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas including PH

Philippines

most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disaster

Silk Trade

opened China to the outside world making way for cultural, economic and scientific exchanges. bridge the gap between western world and middle kingdom

Telescope

optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, great help for navigation, together with this the invention of compass, para and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer

Science and Techonology

play major roles in the everyday life (cure/prevent sickness), make things easier. lessen the time and effort,

Gunpowder- propelled weapons

preferred by raiders who plan to attack at a distance

Conservation of food

primary challenge they faced during the ancient time

Transportation

significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. They travel for food and place for settlements

What is STS?

sociologists of science, and scientists themselves, became interested in the relationship between scientific knowledge, technological systems, and society.

Sumerian Civilization

the first major Mesopotamian civilization; rose in southern Mesopotamia

Navigation

the science of planning and controlling the direction of a ship, assisted them to their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas.

Clay tablets

very fragile, heavy and delicate to handle, bringing to other place was a major challenge

Ink

withstand the elements of nature since it was used to record history,culture and codified laws

Microscope

● invention in middle ages ● device that could magnify things invisible to the eye ● Zacharias Janssen invented the first compound microscope ● key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illnesses ●

Great Wall of China

● 1907, largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built ● It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China ● made with stone, brick,wood, earth and other materials ●massive and strong, divided China from the rest of the world. ● The wall's construction put the nation among the powerful civilizations during ancient time. Pride and glory of their land ●world's attraction due to its historical significance and architectural grandeur

Egyptian civilization

● Early civilization known for its legacy, located in North Africa ● Egyptians have contributed other practical things that the world now considers as essential ● Safe to say that pyramids are not only contribution of the Egyptian civilization to the modern world

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

● Engineering and architectural fear of the sumerian ● build in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk without much building materials, constructed using sun- baked bricks ●the ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, only their priests were allowed to enter ● showcases not only the elaborate and intricate Sumerian architecture but also the remarkable technology used to build it

Sailboats

● Essential in transportation and trading as well as in fostering, culture, information and technology. ● Transporation was a challenge to Sumerian bc wheels was not yet invented. The main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances. Boats were not enough to accommodate people and products.

Greek Civilization

● Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe, known as the birthplace of western philosophy ● major achievement of the Greek include in depth works on philosophy and mathematics ● contributed much to the world especially in the field of science and technology

Printing Press

● Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press ● more reliable way of printing using a cast type ● invented to address the need for publishing, made works accessible to individuals who could not write (Streissguth, 1997) ● he used wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached them to metal impression of letters and pressed firmly the cast of metal into piece of paper, made an exact impression on paper

Philippine Invention

● PH also contributes to the global advancement of science and technology ●PH known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disaster ● Inventions made by Filipino were built from indigenous materials or creates to adapt to the harsh tropical environment

Roman Numerals

● System of counting invented by Romans ● No longer widely used today due to its inherent limitations, quite a number of enthusiasts would still use it like Hindu Arabic system, due to its aesthetic

Wig

● another cosmetic invention of ancient Egypt at present wig enhance the appearance of people who are balding/try new trends ● worn for healthy and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes ●used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun ●better than putting scarf ●cleaner than natural hair bc it prevented lice

Modern Times

● booming world population during the 19th century onwards demanded more goods to produced at a faster rate ● people needed efficient transportation to trade and cover larger distance ● processing food and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern

Tea Production

● developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. it was done by using wheelbase mechanism with sharp edges to a wooden/ceramic pot ● Chinese invention that made tea a very popular beverage. This became a valuable good for Chinese trade. ● First tea was drunk by Chinese emperor

Gazettes

● first newspaper, contained announcement of the roman empire to the people ● made before the invention of paper, these Gazettes were engraved in metal or stone tablets

War Weapons

● for defense or protection ●people developed cross bows and long bows to attack enemies ●iron body armore for soldiers protection however it was heavy and their movements were limited the problem was solved by the invention of chainmail

Uruk City

● important contribution of the Sumerian. It is a great wonder; considered to be the first TRUE CITY in the world. ● no building stones in the location of this city and lumber was limited, making the construction a big challenge ● the sumerian build the city using mud and clay from the river, mixed with reeds, producing sun baked bricks ➖ true engineering feat.

Telephone

● invented by Alexander Graham Bell ● for connections and communications

Sumerian

● known for their high degree of coorperation with one another and their desire for great things ● not contented with basic things this desire pushed them to develop things connected with science and technology

Medieval/ Middle Ages

● merred by massive invasions and migrations ● wars were prevalent during this period ● trade and commerce among nations increased which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology ● Most innovative minds come from this period ● Age of exploration/ great development in the weaponry technology

Gunpowder

● most interesting inventions in China ● developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immorality ● they mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate but instead of creating elixir of life they accidentally invented black powder ● widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless deaths ●used in fireworks during important celebration in china

Alarm Clock

● most utilized gadgets today was invented by ancient Greeks ● purpose is to tell an individual to start and stop ● greeks alarm clock used large complicated mechanism to time alarm ● made use of water (stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm ●whistling noise

Roman Architecture

● most vital contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world ● was considered a continuation of Greek architecture, hence, the resemblance ● regarded as pioneering since the romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology ●Romans were able to preserve great and elaborate architectural designs bc they could produce sturdier and stronger infrastructures ● the quality of this majestic Roman structure can be seen by the way they withstood time and harsh element

Silk

● naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology harvest the silk and process it ● connected to Far East China to the world is silk ● silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade

Chinese Civilization

● oldest civilization in Asia, no great among was written about ancient China because due to its distance ● known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far East Asia ●Famous because of its silk trade

Ancient Times

● people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetic, and architecture

Wheel

● the first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food. farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time

Pasteurization

● treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens ● invented by loius pasteur

Water Clock

● utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to another ● clock that measures time by the escape of water ● time keeping device during ancient time

Water Mill

●Contribution of Greek civilization to the world. ●Commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains ●Milling was made possible by use of water mills, mass production of rice, cereals and flours ●better than mills powered by faem animals because required less effort and time

Architecture

●Development in engineering also ushered in the introduction of? ●Mere style, during the ancient times elaborate architectural designs were signs of technology advancement ●Status symbol among nations of how advanced their technology. Architecture is the identity of the nation

Hieroglyphics

●Egyptian writing system using symbols. They believe that in this writing system was provided to them by their gods. ●Some say that hieroglyphics was adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia ●This form of writing can still be seen today and remains to be as famous as the pyramids where they were found ●Language that tells the modern world of history and culture of the ancient Egyptians ●Records are well preserved since they were carved at the walls of pyramid

Cosmestics

●Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics. Functions in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons ●Egyptians believed that wearing make up protect them from evil and the beauty was a sign of holiness

Irrigation and Dikes

●Population increased so did the demand for food. The Sumerian were challenged to mass produce food items but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. It was difficult to get water from the rivers thus they couldn't maintain farmlands. Scarcity in water and flooding caused by the river. As a solution, the dilemma, the Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and to control flooding . The Sumerian were able to increased food production ● This method was considered as one of the world's most beneficial engineering works.

Roman Civilization

●Roman empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the West. Considered cradle of politics and governance during that period bc Roman empire was so large

Papyrus

●a plant that grew abundantly along the nile river in egypt; they're able to process the plant to produce thin sheets ●lighter and thinner than clay

Babylonian Civilization

●emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates River. ●the babylonian were great builders, engineers and architects, one of their major contributions is hanging gardens of Babylon

Roads

●facilitate faster and easier travel the Sumerian invented the first road ●the flow of traffic became faster and more organized. They made roads with the same technology the used in making the sun-baked bricks that wag laid down on the ground. Poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt to smoothen the roads

Cuneiform

●first writing system; used sharp tools to create word pictures and triangular symbols in clay ● allowed the Sumerian to keep records of things with great historical value ●2400 BC

The plow

●invented by Mesapotamians ●invented to dig the earth in a faster pace

Paper or Papyrus

●one of the earlier contribution of the Egyptian civilization ●Egyptian makes writing easier ●Before Egyptian innovation, clay tablets were used. Safe keeping and transporting them was a major problem ●Development of paper or papyrus was a welcome development ● This invention was a major accomplishment in Egyptian record keeping and commmunications ●Egyptian invented ink by combining soot with diff. chemicals to produce diff. colors

Newspaper

●one of the major contributions of the romans ● when paper was invented roams find it easier to publish matter that needed attention of the roman citizen

Salt Lamp

●one of the major needs in PH as a developing nation is electricity. an environmental friendly light source that runs in salt water ●safer; no risk of fire and emits no toxic gased

Hanging gardens of Babylon

●one of the seven wonders of the ancient world ●Structure made up of layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees and vines. ●acc. to the legends great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar || built the gardens for his wife, Queen Amytis. ●No physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the garden. Exact location is unknown. ●If the stories we're true, the hanging gardens of Babylonian may be considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural achievements, impossible to replicate

Petroleum Refinery

●people used animal oils however production of animal oil could not keep up with the demand ● Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum, kerosene was later on referred to as "illuminating oil" applied for heating purposes ● Petroleum widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and powder plants

Dr. Fe del Mundo

●perdiatrician and first Asian women to be admitted into Harvard MedSchool, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity ●includes her work on the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea

mosquito ovicidal/larvicidal trap system

●prevent the next generation of mosquitoes from reaching adulthood, thus curbing the Aedes mosquito population. ● (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce mosquito ovicidal/larvicidal trap system ● also known as OL trap

Kohl

●worn by Egyptian around their eyes to prevent and cure eye disease ●created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena