Chapter 1

How many individual body systems comprise the human body?

10

How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?

206

How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton?

80

A patient is erect facing the image receptor. The left side of the body is turned 45° toward the image receptor. The CR enters the posterior aspect of the body and exits the anterior. What is this radiographic position?

LAO

A patient is lying on her back facing the x-ray tube. The right side of her body is turned 20° toward the image receptor. What is this radiographic position?

RPO

Movement of an arm or leg away from the midline

abduction

Movement of an arm or leg toward the midline

adduction

An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the _____ position.

anatomic

Which of the following is classified as a saddle (sellar) joint? A. ankle joint B. temporomandibular joint C. knee joint D. inter carpal joint

ankle joint

What type of projection is created with the CR directed along or parallel to the long axis of a structure or anatomic part?

axial

Examples of "flat" bones are the:

calvaria, ribs, sternum, and scapulae

Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone?

carpal (wrist bone)

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of joints? A. synarthrosis B. amphiarthrosis C. cartilaginous D. diarthrosis

cartilaginous

A CR angle away from the head end

caudad

The lowest level of structural organization in the human body is the _____ level.

chemical

Which of the following body systems helps to regulate body temperature?

circulatory

Movement in the form of a circle is the definition for:

circumduction

What is the most effective method to reduce the production of scatter radiation?

collimation

What type of tissue binds together and supports the various structures of the body?

connective

A radiograph of the abdomen demonstrates involuntary motion caused by bowel peristalsis (involuntary contractions). Which of the following factors will best eliminate this problem during the repeat exposure?

decrease exposure time

The amount of blackness seen on a processed radiograph is called:

density

What is the primary center for bone growth termed?

diaphysis

Which system of the human body is responsible for the elimination of solid waste?

digestive

A patient is lying on her back. The x-ray tube is horizontally directed with the CR entering the right side of the body. The image receptor is adjacent to the left side of the body. What is the radiographic position?

dorsal decubitus

Decrease angle between foot and lower leg

dorsiflexion

Which term describes the back or posterior aspect of the hand?

dorsum manus

Which of the following systems of the human body includes all ductless glands of the body?

endocrine

What is the final step taken before making the exposure during a positioning routine?

ensure correct shield placement

Which of the following is a secondary growth center for endochondral ossification?

epiphysis

What type of tissue covers internal and external surfaces of the body?

epithelial

Increasing the angle of a joint

extension

t/f: A lateromedial projection is one in which the lateral aspect of the anatomy part is closest to the image receptor (IR).

false

t/f: According to the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) Code of Ethics, a radiologic technologist may render a diagnosis during a radiographic examination if requested by the patient.

false

t/f: Tangential and axial projections are the same type of projection.

false

What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the femur?

femur

Which of the following joints displays flexion and extension type of movement primarily?

ginglymus

Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone?

humerus

An inward stress movement of foot

inversion

What is the primary controlling factor for radiographic contrast in analog imaging?

kV

A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is this radiographic position?

left lateral

A patient is erect facing the x-ray tube and leaning the shoulders backward 20° to 30° toward the IR. The central ray is perpendicular to the IR. What specific position has been performed?

lordotic

What is the general term for a position in which the long axis of the body is angled in relationship to the image receptor rather than the central ray (e.g., special chest projection)?

lordotic

Short scale contrast (in the analog image) is the result of:

low Kv

What type of radiographic contrast is produced with a high (120) kV technique?

low contrast, long scale

Which of the following factors primarily controls radiographic density in the analog image?

mAs

The vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves describes the _____ plane.

median or midsagittal

A longitudinal plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts is the _____ plane.

mid coronal

Which of the following positions is often used to insert a rectal enema tip before a barium enema study?

modified sims

The radiographic term projection is defined as:

path or direction of the central ray

Which of the following radiographic procedures often only requires a single AP projection be taken? a. finger b. ribs c. chest d. pelvis

pelvis

The unsharp edge of the projected image is termed:

penumbra

What is the name of the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone?

periosteum

Which of the following terms describes the sole of the foot?

plantar

Moving the foot and toes downward is:

plantar flexion

The top of the foot is placed against the image receptor with the perpendicular central ray entering the sole of the foot. What specific projection has been performed?

plantodorsal

Rotation of hand with palm down

pronation

The opposite term for supination is:

pronation

Near the source or the beginning

proximal

Turn or bend hand and wrist toward radius

radial deviation

A representation of the patient's anatomic structures that can be obtained, viewed, manipulated, and stored digitally is the definition for:

radiographic image

Which term describes lying down in any position?

recumbent

The patient is lying on her right side on a cart. The anterior surface of the patient is against the image receptor. A horizontal central ray enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior surface of the body. What specific projection/position has been performed?

right lateral decubitus

What is the name of the small oval-shaped bone found in tendons?

sesamoid

What type of protective shield is NOT in contact with the patient's body?

shadow shield

A recumbent oblique position in which the patient is lying on the left anterior surface with it rotated toward the image receptor is termed:

sims position

Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

spongy or cancellous bone

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton? A. radius b. Clavicle c. Hip bone D. sternum

sternum

The patient's head and neck are hyperextended with the top of the skull directly against the image receptor. The central ray enters just below the chin. Which specific projection has been performed?

submentovertical

The structural term for a freely movable joint is:

synovial

A 20-year-old woman is brought into radiology from the ED with a possible fracture of the pelvis. What should the technologist do regarding gonadal shielding?

take an AP pelvis projection without any shielding

A projection in which the CR skims a body part to project it in profile is termed:

tangential

Which of the following is classified as a bicondylar joint? A. shoulder B. temporomandibular C. first and second cervical vertebra joint D. distal radioulnar

temporomadibular joint

A dorsoplantar projection would be a radiographic study of:

the foot

Which of the following radiographic studies would best benefit by applying the anode heel effect? a. hand b. skull c. thoracic spine d. ribs

thoracic spine

What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the elbow?

three

A patient is erect with the left side of his chest placed against the image receptor. The central ray enters the right side of the upper chest and exits the left. Which specific position has been performed?

transthoracic lateral

A position in which the head is lower than the feet is

trendelenburg

t/f: A body system consists of an association of organs that share a common function.

true

t/f: The radiographer has the responsibility of communicating with the patient to obtain pertinent clinical information.

true

A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a piece of wire in the palm of the hand. What is the minimum number of projections required to be taken for this radiographic study?

two

What is the minimal number of projections taken for a postreduction (to realign a fracture) study of the ankle?

two

What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the femur?

two

What is the minimal number of projections taken for a study of the right hip?

two