Chapter 1

How many stages of psychosocial development were proposed by Erik Erikson?

8

Which of the following statements would Uri Bronfenbrenner agree with?

A person's development is affected by everything in the surrounding environment.

Which of the following is an example of systems theory?

A young girl's interaction with her family, community, school and church all have impact on her development and growth.

When does a child go through the initiative vs. guilt psychosocial stage of development?

Ages three through six

Why are developmental outcomes difficult to predict?

Because development is the result of a complex process where the environment determines the expression of a person's genetic potential.

According to evolutionary developmental psychology, why are people better able to learn to identify animals tracks than car parts?

Because identifying animal tracks was part of our ancestral development.

Why is the microsystem the most influential environmental level in a person's life?

Because it is the system where a person has the most direct contact with factors influencing development.

Why is natural selection an essential part of evolution?

Because natural selection explains how species adapt by changing their genetic makeup from one generation to the next.

A person is most likely to do what during the generativity vs. stagnation psychosocial stage of development?

Become a productive member of society

Which of the following represents an assumption of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Children construct knowledge from their experiences

During what period in a child's life does the trust versus mistrust stage of development occur?

During the first year of life

How can educators implement Piaget's principles?

Educators should include objects in the classroom so that the child can act on them. Different actions by the child should produce different effects.

Which of the following classroom activities promotes gender equity?

Engaging in class discussion about stereotypes found in books and instructional material

The study of behavior as it relates to evolution and the survival of a species is called _____.

Ethnology

Whose approach to psychoanalytic theory focused on biological drives?

Freud

How did Piaget's theory of development differ from that of Freud?

Freud focused on factors that motivate behavior; Piaget focused on intellectual development.

How do the theories of Freud and Erikson differ in reference to adult development?

Freud's theory of development ends at age 18, while Erikson believed development continued into adulthood.

According to Freud, what is the stage of development that continues throughout a person's life?

Genital

All of the following statements are true about the ego EXCEPT:

It accounts for our aggressive tendencies

Why did the use of developmental theories become popular for analyzing human growth?

It allowed us to view the growth taking place in a positive way.

Which of the following is true concerning Albert Bandura's social learning theory?

It stresses the importance of observational learning

_____ refers to traits that are biological or inherited.

Nature

Freud maintained that the psychosexual development of a person's personality occurs mostly during which three key stages?

Oral, anal, and phallic

Self-efficacy is a term that refers to which of the following?

People's expectations that they are capable of performing a behavior that will produce desired outcomes in any particular situation.

Which of the following represents an element of vicarious reinforcement?

Positive emotional reactions are aroused in the observer

You want to teach your dog, Daisy, to do a new trick and decide to use positive reinforcement to accomplish your goal. This means that when your dog does the trick, you will:

Provide Daisy with her favorite treat

Which theory examines the factors that motivate behavior by focusing on the role of the unconscious?

Psychoanalytic theory

The struggle between intimacy and isolation is most common during the _____

young adulthood stage

What is the definition of evolutionary developmental psychology?

The application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to human development.

How has natural selection affected our development?

The characteristic behaviors that occur during different developmental periods have developed through the process of natural selection.

Which of the following is expected of a child in the industry vs. inferiority psychosocial stage of development?

The child demonstrates an ability to succeed

During an infant's first year of life, the child is said to be in the trust versus mistrust stage of development. What is likely to occur during this stage of development?

The child learns to depend on his or her caregiver

All of the following statements reflect the beliefs of the psychoanalytic theory EXCEPT:

The conscious mind guides our psychosexual development

Cognitive development theories are concerned with _____.

The development of thought processes

How do you define epigenesis?

The process through which genetics and environment bring forth development

How are learning theories different from cognitive developmental theories?

Their focus on the way individuals learn new behaviors makes learning theories different.

How are the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem similar?

They all have indirect impacts on a person's development.

All of the following are examples of environmental influences on gender differences, EXCEPT:

[Hormones] are part of our biological make up, and thus are not environmental influences.

The process of incorporating new information into existing knowledge is known as _____, whereas the process of adjusting our schemas to fit new information and events is known as _____.

assimilation; accommodation

A pigeon receives a seed each time it pecks an electronic button on a device. If the button were to be turned off, the pigeon will peck at the button again and again, although no food comes out of the device. This is an example of _____.

extinction burst

Self-constructed beliefs regarding specific traits and behaviors of males and females are referred to as _____.

gender schemas

During which childhood stage does a child start to gain real adult skills like reading, writing, and logic?

latency

While working with patients with snake phobias, Bandura found that _____ were more effective in treating phobias than persuasion.

observations

The conflict between trust and mistrust defines the _____

oral-sensory stage

According to Piaget, _____ is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

schema

A conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, but not exactly the same, is called _____.

stimulus generalization

According to Gilbert Gottlieb, the development of an organism is dependent on _____.

the interaction of biological and environmental forces

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, how many levels make up the consciousness?

3

Which of the following could occur during the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage of development in a child?

All the answers are correct

Which of the following BEST describes what occurs during classical conditioning?

An individual learns to associate two different stimuli

Which of the following best describes the idea behind the ecological systems theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner?

An individual's development is affected by everything in their surrounding environment

According to Erikson, at which stage does a child first develop a sense of independence?

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

How are Freud and Erikson's theories of development similar?

Both use similar age divisions and believe the unconscious is important.

Which of the following does gender schema theory imply?

Children learn about gender roles from their surroundings

All of the following influence probabilistic epigenesis, EXCEPT:

Culture

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, assimilation and accommodation are two processes children use to learn. How is assimilation defined?

Dealing with a new event in a way that is consistent with an existing schema

According to Erickson, we go through a series of psychosocial stages of _____?

Development

Erikson's developmental stage of industry vs. inferiority can be compared to which of Freud's psychosexual stages?

Latency

Little Jesse is said to be in the psychosocial stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. She is most likely _____

Learning a sense of independence

According to evolutionary psychology, all of the following statements are true, EXCEPT:

Learning is randomly acquired.

All of the following are characteristics of operant conditioning EXCEPT:

Learning occurs prior to the response

Which statement below identifies a major difference between learning theories and psychoanalytic theories?

Learning theories can be tested and applied to real life situations.

According to Erikson's stages of identity formation, Evelyn is in the stage of identity vs. role confusion. Which of the following would she likely do?

Make new friends who are not members of her family

Albert believes that if he studies for the exam, he will, without any doubt, score an A on the test. Which of the following best defines Albert's belief?

Self-efficacy

Which of the following is true concerning negative reinforcement?

Something undesirable is removed when a behavior is displayed

Allen was fired from his job. He is very stressed since he knows how difficult it is to find another job. Allen, who quit smoking 5 years ago, suddenly develops a craving to smoke a cigarette. Which of the following is associated with Allen's behavioral conditioning?

Spontaneous recovery

Mark is taking a high-stakes university exam and is sitting next to the smartest student in the class. Mark can clearly see his classmate's responses but refrains from copying the answers. Which of the following is affecting Mark's behavior?

Superego

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages can be compared to Freud's oral stage of development?

Trust vs. mistrust

ose is in a casino. He sees his friends Amy and Sandra win money at a nearby slot machine. Amy and Sandra cheer and clap. Jose wants to feel the same excitement, so he sits down at a slot machine and begins to gamble. This is an example of _____.

Vicarious reinforcement

Bill received a new toy ball. It was not round like all of his other toy balls, but oval. He had to _____ this new information in order to understand how to play with it.

accommodate

An identity crisis is most likely to take place during the _____

adolescent stage

Bandura's reciprocal causation model focuses on continuous interaction between the following three factors:

behavior (B) environment (E), and person (P).

Bandura's study involving young children and a Bobo doll revealed that:

children exposed to a model treating a doll aggressively learned aggressive behavior through imitation.

Knowing that someone grew up before TVs existed is an example of understanding someone based on their _____.

chronosystem (dimension of time in relation to a person's development, such as events that are unique to certain generations.)

Your young daughter had never feared spiders. But after seeing you screech and react in fear a few times when a spider appeared in the house, she now cries whenever she sees a spider. This is an example of _____.

classical conditioning

According to Freud, people who get into fights tend to be motivated by _____.

death instincts

Molly overheard her dad telling her mom he got 'creamed' by his friend in a tennis match. This confused Molly, causing her to experience a conflict or _____, because she couldn't imagine her father turning into a creamy liquid.

disequilibrium

An elderly adult who feels content about her life is experiencing _____

ego integrity

According to Erik Erikson, psychosocial identities involve the interplay between our _____.

emotional lives and our social circumstances

The level that includes the interactions between the different microsystems in a person's life is the _____.

mesosystem

Hormones that impact a child's behavior are considered _____ factors, while influences such as peers and parents are considered _____ factors.

nature; nurture

Your son doesn't like to clean his room. Every time you remind him to put away his things and make his bed, he complains until you give in and tidy the room for him to stop his whining. This is an example of _____ for your son.

negative reinforcement