Chapter 1- AJS 101

_____ has law enforcement officers focusing on high-crime areas rather than spreading their resources evenly throughout metropolitan areas.

Hot-spot policing

Which of the following is a judicial discretion in the criminal justice system?

Imposing sentences

Which of the following is most likely a pitfall of discretion in informal decision making?

Individual judgement can be tainted by erroneous thinking.

Missouri's _________ states that a law enforcement agent may use "deadly force" against a suspect if the suspect is resisting a lawful arrest or "may otherwise endanger life or inflict serious physical injury unless arrested without delay."

"use of force" law

Harvey works as a researcher in a top-secret government laboratory. He discovered a powerful explosive that can be used as a nuclear weapon. While he was away, Louis, his research partner, hacked into his computer and stole the chemical formula for the explosive. This scenario illustrates that Louis has committed a(n) _____.

cyber crime

_____ is the act of taking property from another person without the use of force with the intent of keeping that property.

larceny

Which of the following is the most effective new crime-fighting tool?

DNA profiling

Which of the following is true of incarceration and race?

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of Hispanic inmates in federal prisons over the past decade.

Which of the following statements is true of public order crimes?

They are also called victimless crimes.

Which of the following statements is true of high-tech crimes?

They are directly related to the increased presence of computers in everyday life.

_____ are nonviolent crimes committed by business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage.

White-collar crimes

DNA profiling allows law enforcement agents to _________.

identify suspects from body fluid evidence

The discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals produce a(n) _____.

informal criminal justice process

As Nate was running late for work, he hurriedly crossed a neighborhood street outside of a crosswalk. He was immediately issued a ticket by a traffic cop. This scenario illustrates that Nate committed the crime of _________.

jaywalking

Ethics in criminal justice is closely related to the concept of _________.

justice

Jana is a young, married woman. She gets into a romantic relationship with her colleague, Jacob. She contemplates divorcing her husband, Mark, and marrying Jacob. But, she does not want to go through the divorce proceedings and split her assets. She looks for alternatives to part ways with Mark. After much consideration, she decides to get rid of Mark. One evening, she goes home early after work, sneaks up on her husband, and bludgeons him to death. This scenario demonstrates _____.

murder

Ideally, actors in the criminal justice system will make moral choices about what is right and wrong based on the:

norms established by society.

Public order crimes are sometimes referred to as victimless crimes because:

they often harm only the offender.

An informal criminal justice system can suffer when individual judgment is tainted by personal bias and plain ill will.

true

The explicit goal of the criminal justice system is to provide justice to all members of society.

true

Which of the following is a drawback of the formal criminal justice process?

It is unrealistic in nature.

_____ means that all individuals are equal before the law and that they are free from arbitrary arrest or seizure as defined by the law.

Justice

Which of the following types of crime describes illegal acts carried out by illegal enterprises engaged in the market for illegal goods or services, such as illicit drugs or firearms?

Organized crime

Which of the following is true of probation?

Probation allows an offender to return to a community and remain under the supervision of an agent of the court.

Who among the following is a part of the work group of a criminal court?

Prosecutors

Which of the following is a traditional preferred market for organized crime?

Prostitution

_____ is the police practice of improperly targeting members of minority groups based on personal characteristics such as ethnicity.

Racial profiling

_____ is the act of committing a new crime after a person has already been punished for a previous crime by being convicted and sent to jail or prison.

Recidivism

Which of the following is an example of a cyber crime?

Selling pornographic materials

_____ are state law enforcement agencies that concern themselves with infractions on freeways.

State highway patrols

_________ refers to the use or threat of violence to achieve political objectives.

Terrorism

Which of the following amendments to the U.S. Constitution protects the civil liberties of crime suspects and is relevant to counterterrorism efforts?

The Sixth Amendment

_____ is the interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior.

The criminal justice system

Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes?

The extent of white-collar crimes is difficult to determine with any certainty.

Which of the following is an express power given to the national government by the Constitution?

The power to coin money, raise an army, and regulate interstate commerce.

Which of the following can be used to address the many ethical challenges inherent in the criminal justice system?

The principle of critical thinking

To safeguard society from criminal behavior, institutions must be created to:

apprehend alleged wrongdoers.

Unlike jails, prisons:

are the domain of federal and state governments.

A(n) _____ is a threat or an attempt to do violence to another person that causes that person to fear immediate physical harm.

assault

Which of the following is an example of a community-based correctional facility?

A halfway house, residential centers, and work-release centers

Which of the following is the last step in the criminal justice process?

Corrections

_________ is behavior that is considered to go against the norms established by society.

Deviance

Which of the following statements is true of deviance?

Deviance is a subjective concept.

Which of the following systems of governance was chosen by the framers of the U. S. Constitution?

Federalism

What is true of the conflict model of criminal justice?

It assumes that the most politically powerful segments of society are able to impose their values on the rest of the community.

Which of the following is true of arson?

It involves the malicious burning of an automobile.

_____ refers to the unlawful entry of a structure with the intention of committing a serious crime such as theft.

burglary

Homeland security concerns have brought much of the criminal justice system in line with _____.

crime control values

A _____ and its work group are given the weighty responsibility of determining the innocence or guilt of those suspected of unlawful activities.

criminal court

Jake has been subjected to racial profiling by many of the law enforcement officers in his neighborhood. Highly frustrated by such discriminatory treatment, Jake decides to retaliate. On a Saturday afternoon, he walks into the precinct with a bomb vest strapped to his chest. He detonates the explosive, killing himself and several police officers. Using DNA profiling, the police were able to figure out that Jake killed seven police officers. In this scenario, Jake's act represents _____.

domestic terrorism

Decreasing arrest and imprisonment rates suggest that:

due process values are strong.

A county sheriff is usually appointed by a chief of police for a term of ten years.

false

All crimes are considered deviant.

false

Assault and battery are two forms of property crime.

false

Deviance is an objective concept.

false

Federalism is a form of government in which a central government exercises exclusive power in all domestic affairs.

false

Hawaii has the best state law enforcement agency among all the fifty American states.

false

One aspect of capital punishment is that a white defendant is much more likely to be sentenced to death for killing a black victim than a black defendant is for killing a white victim.

false

Racial profiling is a crime-fighting tool that allows law enforcement agents to identify a suspect from body fluid evidence or biological evidence.

false

The United States has a unified court system.

false

The concept of public order crimes is linked to the conflict model of criminal justice.

false

The conflict model assumes that a diverse group of people can have similar morals.

false

The crime control model and the due process model are the two most common models of how society "decides" which acts are criminal.

false

The first ten amendments to the U. S. Constitution are collectively known as the code of ethics.

false

The underlying value of the due process model is that the most important function of the criminal justice process is to punish and repress criminal conduct.

false

Those defendants charged with violating state criminal law will always face trial in federal court.

false

To reduce prison populations, federal and state correctional officials are implementing a number of programs to increase the recidivism rate of ex-convicts.

false

The ideals of _____ can be clearly seen in the local, state, and national levels of law enforcement.

federalism

Unlike Professor Herbert Packer's crime control model, his due process model:

focuses on protecting the rights of the accused through formal, legal restraints on the police, courts, and corrections.

Which of the following is an example of public order crimes?

gambling

According to Megan Kurlychek of the University at Albany, New York, one of the goals of the criminal justice system is to:

rehabilitate those offenders who have been punished.

Anaida was walking home from work. She was suddenly accosted in an alley by a man wielding a knife. The man threatened to kill her if she did not hand over all her money to him. Anaida reluctantly gave him the money, and the man ran away with the money without attacking her. This scenario demonstrates _____.

robbery

The dependence of businesses on computer operations has left corporations vulnerable to:

sabotage.

Giordana works as a secretary to a criminal lawyer. Her boss often gives her pre-signed blank checks to pay for miscellaneous expenses. Giordana has a gambling addiction and is part of an underground poker ring run by the mafia. When she starts losing at poker, she writes down higher numbers on the pre-signed checks and cashes them to pay her gambling debts. This scenario illustrates that Giordana is involved in _____.

white-collar crime

Mark was an employee in a financial services firm. Although he was paid an average salary, he bought a luxury car with money borrowed from a loan shark. The loan shark threatened to kill him if he did not repay the money within three months. Intimidated by the threat, Mark embezzled funds from his company. Which of the following crimes did Mark commit?

white-collar crime