Chapter 1 & 2

shared meaning

a common understanding that decreases confusion and misinterpretations among speakers and listeners. Achieving shared meaning is a priority of the transactional model of communication

transaction

a communicative exchange in which all participants continuously send and receive messages

name and explain three ways in which becoming a competent public speaker can positively affect your life and career

1) STUDENT-Giving oral presentations: will be able to share findings more effectively than others 2) CAREER- in all career you need to know how to communicate with others ex. a city engineer dresses an angry crowd or a lawyer presenting a case to an audience 3) COMMUNITY- public speaking skills will be able to help you ex. leader of a club or participate in certain organizations

what is the transactional model of communication? how does it differ from the linear model?

A communicative exchange in which all participants continuously send and receive messages that involves feedback and a shared meanings while a linear model is a speech that is a one-way flow of ideas from a speaker to an audience.

describe the great tradition of public speaking. Offer some examples of rhetoric playing a role in world events

Adult male Greek citizens had the right to speak out in civic matters and they would have to do so at meetings with very large crowds. Ancient Greeks were the first people to think about rhetoric and to teach it as a subject. Rhetoric has played a role in storytellers in Africa, Native American leaderships, preachers in the U.S, political debates, Martin Luther King Jr. speech, etc.

why is it important for speakers to behave ethically?

Because speakers should be truthful, accurate, and honest to their audiences

define civic engagement and explain how it is an important part of democratic self-government

Civic engagement is the active public participation in political affairs and social and community organizations. People want to participate in public discussions in order to make a change in the community, and with someone who is skilled at speaking will likely be more confident in their ability to make a difference.

why is it important to consider culture when analyzing an audience?

Effective public speakers need to be sensitive to their audiences cultural backgrounds. They need to avoid biased language and ethic jokes, so that no one is offended.

how is new technology changing the nature of public speaking?

Public speaking was strictly face to face but new technologies has allowed speakers to present live speeches from videoconferencing, can create podcasts and digital recording of speeches and post them online

define main points and subpoints, and explain the principle of subordination

a key idea that supports a thesis and helps an audience understand and remember what is most important about a speaker's topic. Main points are supported by subpoints, which is an idea that is gathered from brainstorming and research and that explains, proves, and expands on a speech's main points. Subordination is the act of making one thing secondary to another thing. Each main point must relate to the specific purpose.

main point

a key idea that supports a thesis and helps an audience understand and remember what is most important about a speaker's topic. Main points are supported by subpoints.

nonverbal symbol

a means of communicating without using words. Examples include hand gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions

visualization

a method of easing speech anxiety in which the speaker imagines him or herself giving a relaxed, well-received speech from start to finish

transition

a sentence that smoothly connects one idea or part of a speech to another

ethics

a set of rules and values that are shared by members of a group and that help them guide conduct and distinguish between right and wrong

thesis statement

a single sentence that conveys the topic and purpose of a speech

style

a speaker's choice of language that best expresses his or her ideas to the audience. It is one of the five classical canons of rhetoric

delivery

a speaker's varied and appropriate use of vocal and nonverbal elements, such as voice, hand gestures, eye contact, and movement. It is one of the five classical canons of rhetoric.

mediated presentation

a speech that is transmitted through either a mechanical or an electronic medium

verbal symbol

a spoken, written, or recorded word that a source uses to convey a message

brainstorming

a strategy for generating topic ideas by listing every idea that comes to mind- without evaluating its merits- in order to develop a long list of ideas quickly

relaxation strategy

a technique that can be performed before giving a speech to help relieve muscle tension and banish negative thoughts, can include deep breathing and tensing and releasing one's muscles

outline

a written means of organizing a speech by using sentences, phrases, or key words. An outline includes the main ideas of a speech's introduction, body, and conclusion

classical canon of rhetoric

according to Cicero, one of the five concepts that effective speakers must attend to while preparing a speech. These concepts are invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery

civic engagement

active public participation in political affairs and social and community organizations

feedback

an audience's verbal and nonverbal responses to a source's message

subpoint

an idea that is gathered from brainstorming and research and that explains, proves, and expands on a speech's main points

presentation aid

anything beyond spoken words that a speaker uses to help the audience understand and remember his or her message. Presentation aids include materials that can be seen, heard, or touched

what are presentation aids, and how can a speaker make sure they support her or his message?

anything beyond spoken words that a speaker uses to help the audience understand and remember his or her message. Presentation aids include materials that can be seen, heard, or touched. Make sure it is a reliable?

noise (interference)

external or internal phenomena that disrupt communication between a source and a receiver. External sources include nearby loud noises, and internal sources include the wandering thoughts of the source or receiver

describe the four basic characteristics that distinguish public speaking from other forms of communication

features communication between speaker and an audience, audience centered, emphasizes the spoken word, and it is usually a prepared presentation

source

in models of communication, a person who creates and sends a message to receivers

name and define each of the five classical canons of rhetoric

invention-the use of a variety of techniques and sources to gather and choose ideas for a speech arrangement-the effective organization of ideas to present them to an audience style-a speaker's choice of language that best expresses his or her ideas to the audience memory-the process of preparing and practicing a speech to ensure confident and effective delivery delivery-a speaker's varied and appropriate use of vocal and nonverbal elements, such as voice, hand gestures, eye contact, and movement

what is a thesis statement, and how does it differ from a speech topic?

it is a single sentence that sums up your speech's main message while a topic is the main subject that you will address in your speech

explain what is meant by rhetorical purpose. what are the three basic rhetorical purposes that speeches can serve?

it is the primary goal for the speech. Informing, persuading, and marking a special occasion.

What are three common mistakes that inexperienced speakers make when preparing a speech?

leaving too little time for planning and practicing, focusing on length rather than quality, and failing to follow the assignment

body

the main part of a speech.

name and explain five techniques that can help you overcome speech anxiety

prepare early and follow a plan- make an outline and practice speech take care of yourself- good nights sleep visualize success- imagining success will decrease anxiety use relaxation techniques- deep breathing, reducing muscle tension and negative thoughts volunteer to speak first- most anxious right before speech so it is nice to get it done with

list three guidelines for effective delivery

project voice, maintain an even rate of speaking, and eye contact

in what ways can you employ critical thinking in a public speaking situation?

researching an idea instead of just saying what you believe and evaluating what you are going to say

message

the verbal or nonverbal ideas that a source conveys to an audience through the communication process

worldview

the "lens" through which a person sees and interprets reality. Listeners worldview will affect how they respond to a source's message

subordination

the act of making one thing secondary to another thing.

critical thinking

the analysis and evaluation of one's own ideas and others ideas, based on reliability, truth, and accuracy

introduction

the beginning of a speech. It gains the audience's attention, presents the thesis statement, builds common ground with the audience, establishes speaker credibility, and previews the speech's main points

arrangement

the effective organization of ideas to present them to an audience. It is one of the five classical canons of rhetoric.

supporting material

the examples, definitions, testimony, statistics, narratives, and analogies that support or illustrate a speaker's main points

what are supporting materials, and how do they help a speaker develop main points?

the examples, definitions, testimony, statistics, narratives, and analogies that support or illustrate a speaker's main points. they give more credibility and evidence to support a claim being made

conclusion

the final part of a speech, in which the speaker summarizes the main points and leaves the audience with a clincher, such as a striking sentence or phrase, an anecdote, or an emotional message.

bibliographic information

the important facts about a researched source, including author, title, publication date, and page numbers or URL

channel

the medium through which a source delivers a message, such as voice, microphone, radio, television, or internet

imagined interaction

the mental delivery of a speech to an audience. The speaker practices delivering a speech silently and pictures a positive interaction with the audience (such as applause)

speech anxiety (stage fright)

the nervousness that a person experiences before giving a speech. It can result in a variety of symptoms, such sweaty palms, dry mouth, nausea, hyperventilation, and panic

receiver

the person who processes a message to perceiver its meaning

extemporaneous delivery

the presentation of a speech smoothly and confidently from a speaking outline without reading from it

what is extemporaneous delivery, and why is it generally the best approach for speakers?

the presentation of a speech smoothly and confidently from a speaking outline without reading from it. This will help deliver a speech in a more conversational way and will allow you to speak in your own words rather than reading of of a card and not looking at the audience

research

the process of gathering information from libraries, the internet, and interviews to increase a speaker's credibility and understanding of a topic

audience analysis

the process of learning about an audience's interests and backgrounds in order to create or adapt a speech to their wants and needs.

what is audience analysis, and what are three questions you may want to answer about your audience?

the process of learning about an audiences interests and backgrounds in order to create a speech that meets their needs. Cultural background, what grade, and if they are active in community service

memory

the process of preparing and practicing a speech to ensure confident and effective delivery. It is one of the five classical canons of rhetoric. Although this canon originally referred to learning a speech by heart, today using notes and other memory aids is usually preferred.

freedom of expression

the right to share one's ideas and opinions free from censorship

word choice (diction)

the selection of language for a speech that considers the audience, occasion, and nature of one's message

rhetorical purpose

the speaker's intended effect on the audience. There are three possible rhetorical purposes for a presentation- to inform to persuade, or to mark a special occasion

topic

the subject of a speech

invention

the use of a variety of techniques and sources to gather and choose ideas for a speech. It is one of the five classical canons of rhetoric.

culture

the values, traditions, and rules for living that are passed from generation to generation. Culture is learned, not innate, and influences all aspects of a person's life

encode

to choose verbal or nonverbal symbols to organize and deliver one's message

decode

to interpret a message by making sense of a source's verbal and nonverbal symbols. Decoding is performed by a receiver