Chapter 1: Basic Elements of Anatomy

An example of electrophysiological technique:

Audiologists are particularly interested in procedures that measure the electrical activity of the brain caused by auditory stimuli (evoked auditory potentials) - we rely heavily on descriptive anatomy to guide our understanding of the physical mechanisms of speech and to aid our discussion of its physiology

MIDSAGITAL SECTION

An anatomical section that divides the body into left adn right halves in the median plane

APPLIED ANATOMY

(a.k.a CLINICAL ANATOMY) involves the application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, particularly as it relates to surgical procedures

SURFACE ANATOMY

(a.k.a SUPERFICAL ANATOMY) studies the form and structures of the surface of the body, especially with reference to the organs beneath the surface study of the body and its surface markings as related to underlying structures

DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY

(or SYSTEMIC ANATOMY) anatomical specialty involving the description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together - relates the individual parts of the body to functional systems

TERMS OF MOVEMENT

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TERMS OF ORIENTATION

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FRONTAL SECTION/FRONTAL VIEW

Divides the body into front and back halves

TRANSVERSE PLANE

divides the body into upper and lower portions (this plane is often referred to by radiologists or transaxial or axial, and the radiological orientation always assumes you are looking from the feet toward the head.

SAGITAL SECTION

divides the body or body parts into right and left halves; is parallel to the median plane - the cut is in the sagital plane

The spinal cord and brain stem have

dorsal (back) and ventral (front) surfaces corresponding to those of the surface of the body. - because the cerebrum folds forward, the dorsal surface is also the superior surface, and the ventral surface is the inferior surface. - most anatomists avoid this confusing state by referring to the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the embryonic brain as inferior and superior surfaces, respectively

MYOLOGY

examines muscle form and function (mys, muscle; logos, study)

EXTERNAL

externus, outside - term reserved for cavities within the body

FLEXION

flexio, bending; refers to bending at a joint, usually toward the ventral surface - usually results in two ventral surfaces coming together

The posterior aspect of a four-footed animal differs

from that of humans - you may refer to a muscle running toward the anterior surface, or a structure having a specific landmark in the posterior aspect - these terms are body specific

IF you were to divide the body into front and back sections you would have produced a

frontal section or frontal view

DEEP

further from the surface; when one organ is ____ to another organ, we mean it is closer to the axis of the body

The axial skeleton is the

head and trunk, with the spinal column being the axis

Examination of physiological process may entail the use of a range of methods, from simply measuring forces exerted by muscles, to

highly refined electrophysiological techniques that measure electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system tissue.

Terminology also links to the

historic roots of this field of study

PROXIMAL

proximus, next to; toward the root or attachment point of the structure

Other terms (such as frontal, coronal, and longitudinal)

refer to planes or axes of the body and are therefore insensitive to the position of the body

For those of us who walk on two feet "posterior" and "dorsal" both

refer to the same region of the body

ANTERIOR

refers to the front surface of a body

ANATOMY

refers to the study of the structure of an organism

LATERAL

related to the side - term used to describe the orientation of a structure relative to another structure

You may think of the following planes as referring to sections o fa standing body, but they are usually defined

relative to imaginary axes of the body

PERIPHERAL

relative to the periphery or away from - a structure that is away from the center

Armed with these basic planes, you can

rotate a structure in space and still discuss the orientation of its parts

NEUROLOGY

the study of disease of the nervous system (neuron, sinew nerve; logos, study)

GROSS ANATOMY

the study of the body and its parts as visible without the aid of a microscope

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

those techniques that measure the electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system tissue

Regardless of the position of the body, anterior is

toward the front o fthat body

MEDIAL

toward the median plane - term used to describe the orientation of a structure relative to another structure

The embryonic nervous system is essentially

tubular, but as the cerebral cortex develops, a flexure occurs and the telencephalon (the region that will become the cerebrum) folds forward - as a result, the neuraxis assumes a T-formation

The appendicular skeleton is the

upper and lower limbs.

INTERNAL

within the body - term reserved for cavities within the body

We will need to call on knowledge from related fields to support

your study of anatomy and physiology

VENTRAL

pertaining to the belly or anterior surface

The terms ________ and ________ are used in situations in which gravity is important

Superior ; Inferior

Structures that are near the head are referred to as ______________, while those near the feet are referred to as ___________.

Superior or cranial ; Inferior or caudal (the term caudal is more often used in this context when referring to embryo

ANGIOLOGY

the study of blood vessels and the lymphatic system (angio, blood vessels; logos, study)

SUPERIOR

above, farther from the ground - can also indicate relative location

DISTAL

away from the midline

The neuraxis, or the

axis of the brain, is slightly less straighforward due to the morphological changes of the brain during development

INFERIOR

below, closer to teh ground

PRONE

body in horizontal position with face down ; on the belly - commonly used to describe the present actual position

SUPINE

body in horizontal position with face up ; on the back - commonly used to describe the actual position

Study of pathological anatomy occurs naturally as you enter your

clinical process, because many of the acquired conditions SLP or A's work with arise from pathological changes in the structure

DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

deals with the development of the organism from conception; study of anatomy with reference to growth and development from conception to adulthood

PHYSIOLOGY

is the study of the function of the living organism and its parts, as well as the chemical process involved

Terminology allows us to communicate relevant information concerning the

location and orientation of various body parts and organs, so clarity of terminology is of the utmost importance in the study of anatomy.

If a point is closer to the median plane (the one that divides the body into left and right halves), it is

medial to a point that is farther from that plane, which is lateral - example: "the tongue is medial to the molars in the mandible because it is closer to the midline or median plane"

SUPERFICIAL

on or near the surface; confined to the surface

POSTERIOR

opposite of anterior; meaning toward the rear (back)

When discussing the course of a muscle, we often need to clarify its

orientation with reference to the surface level within the body.

DORSAL

pertaining to the back of the body

OSTEOLOGY

studies structure and function of bones (osteon, bone; logos, study)

ARTRHOLOGY

studies the joints uniting bones (anthron, joint; logos, study)

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

study of homologous structures of different animals; comparisons across species boundaries

MICSOSCOPIC ANATOMY

study of the structure of the body by means of microscopy; examines structures not visible to the unaided eye

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

study that examines disease conditions or structural abnormalities' study of parts of the body with respect to the pathological entity - refers to changes in structure as they relate to disease

Some terms are related to the physical orientation of the body

such as vertical or horizontalI

Ventral and Anterior are

synonymous for the standing human but have different meanings for a guadruped - the ventral aspect of a standing dog includes its abdominal wall, which is directed toward the ground. The anterior of the same dog would be the portion including the face

ROSTRAL

term often used to mean toward the head; rostralis - beak-like - if this term is used to refer to structures within the cranium, rostral refers to a structure anterior to another

A few terms refer to the actual present position of the body rather

than a description based on teh anatomical postion

ANATOMICAL POSITION

the body is erect, and the palms, arms, and hands face forward - terms or direction assume this position -The body and brain (and many other structures) are seen to have axes (plure of axis) or midlines from which other structures arise

CYTOLOGY

the discipline that examines the structure and function of cells (krytos, cell; logos, study)

HISTOLOGY

the microscopic study of cells and tissues (histos, web, tissue; logos, study)