Chapter 1 History of Microbiology (quiz #1)

Spongiform encephalopathies are caused by infectious proteins. This information indicates that the infectious agent is a _______.

prion

Which of the following has a NUCLEOID region?

prokaryotic cell

ALGAE and PROTOZOA are also referred to as ________ , a diverse group that falls within the domain EUKARYA.

protists

Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiments in the 1700s showed that flasks of broths that had been boiled for long periods of time and sealed _______.

remained sterile

Although archaea and bacteria differ in a number of important characteristics, it was ultimately significant differences in their ______ that provided the basis for separating the two groups of prokaryotes into different domains.

ribosomal RNA sequences

Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic NITROGEN would _______.

run out

As important decomposers, fungi obtain nutrients by_________.

secreting enzymes to degrade organic material in the environment

Although stocks of the causative agent still exist, humans have eradicated (eliminated) which of the following diseases?

smallpox

Louis Pasteur helped disprove _______.

spontaneous generation

The Golden Age of Microbiology occurred soon after _____.

spontaneous generation was disproved, and let to a time when the field of microbiology blossomed.

The term staphylococci is an informal name for species of the genus _____.

staphylococcus

In the name Escherichia call K12, the part after the species is the _______ designation.

strain

To indicate slight differences, members of the same species may be given _____ designations.

strain

When an extensive amount of experimental evidence supports a hypothesis, the explanation may become a scientific ______.

theory

Which of the following can be infected by viruses?

-bacteria -fungi -plants -animals -protists

Which of the following characteristics describe protozoa?

-can be found in terrestrial and aquatic habitats -most are motile

Which of the following are produced metabolically by microorganisms?

-cellulose used in stereo headsets -antibiotics -ethanol as a biofuel

Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes _____.

viruses

Archaea are commonly found in which roles or environments?

-oceans -hot springs -extremely salty water such as the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea -soils

Which of the following are classified as a acellular infectious agents?

-prions -viroid's -viruses

Which is true regarding scientific names?

-scientific names are italicized or underlined -genus names are commonly abbreviated

Which of the following are characteristics of PROTOZOA?

-single-celled eukaryotes -microscopic

Which of the following about microorganisms is true?

we could not survive without them

The domains ________ and _______ are made up of prokaryotes.

Archaea Bacteria

In principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is now called ______.

The Germ Theory of DISEASE

What is biotechnology?

The use of microorganisms to solve practical problems

Peptidoglycan

a macromolecular network consisting of a repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell.

When considering the human body and its microbial inhabitants, we could best be described as _______.

a planet composed of various ecosystems, with an important part of these ecosystems being a population of interacting microbes

Porins

a type of protein in the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls that permits the passage of small molecules in and out of the cell.

Scanning electron microscopy

an electron microscope that provides three-dimensional views of the specimen magnified 1000-10,000X.

Chromatophore

an infolding in the plasma membrane of some bacteria where pigments and enzymes involved in photosynthesis are found.

Ultramicrotome

an instrument used to cut biological specimens into thin sections 0.1 µm thick or less for electron microscopy.

Immersion oil

an oil that is placed between the glass slide and the oil immersion lens to reduce light loss and preserve the direction of light rays at the highest magnification.

Capsule

an outer gelatinous covering composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both that is organized and attached to the cell wall.

Unlike other organisms, most _____________ have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan.

bacteria

Using microorganisms to degrade toxic chemical spills is an example of _______.

biodegradation

_________ is the process by which microbes carry out the DECOMPOSITION of harmful chemicals.

biodegradation

Which of the following processes is the decomposition of harmful pollutants by microbes?

bioremediation

The use of microorganisms to solve practical problems is the definition of _________.

biotechnology

Pasteur is famous for his experiments that contradicted spontaneous generation. Consider this set-up: After showing that fluid in the swan-neck flasks remained sterile even when exposed to air, Pasteur tipped the flasks so that bacteria could enter the fluid. He demonstrated that nothing in his original setup prevented bacteria from growing in the flask. What part of the scientific method does this represent?

control

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in England was controlled by _____.

destroying millions of pig, sheep, and cattle

Archaea

domain of prokaryotic cells having cell walls that lack peptidoglycan, one of the three domains of life.

An infectious disease that has become more common in the last 35 years is referred to as an ________ infectious disease (EID)

emerging

John Tyndall's experiments in the 1800's showed that live microorganisms remained in some broths even after they had been boiled for 5 hours. This observation can be explained by the presence of a HEAT RESISTANT form of bacteria called an _______.

endospore

John Needham's experiments showed that microorganisms grew in broths that had been boiled and sealed with a cork. Later experiments showed that either the cork did not properly keep out microbes, or the growth was due to _________.

endospores that survived the boiling temperatures

The cells which group of microorganisms contain membrane-bound organelles?

eukarya

_________ is the domain of organisms whose cells have a nucleus and various organelles.

eukaryota

Fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths are all _________________.

eukaryotes

Which cell type is usually larger in size?

eukaryotic

For the name STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES, the first part (Streptococcus) indicates the ________ and gives information about the shape of the organism.

genus

The term _________ refers to a multicellular parasite such as a ROUNDWORM or TAPEWORM.

helminth

Prions are ________.

infectious proteins

Which of the following is true regarding ALL prokaryotes?

lack a nucleus

Which of the following best describes the cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory?

less than 1% of microorganisms can be cultivated

The cellulose that makes up the plant cell walls of grass can be digested by certain species of ________.

microbes

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal ________.

microbiota

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal___________.

microbiota

Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?

microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

most bacteria cause serious diseases

A ________ is the term used for ANY disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?

pathogens

Which disease is less common due to RAT control, precautions taken with infected patients, and antibiotic treatment?

plague

Which of the following diseases killed one-third of the population of EUROPE in the 14th century?

plague

Which is a paralysis-inducing disease that has been nearly eliminated due to vaccination?

polio

Which of the following characteristics describe PROTOZOA?

-can be be found in terrestrial and aquatic habitats -most are motile

Check all that apply: When scientists share their work in scientific journals, they are communicating the _______.

-conclusions -methods -results

Which of the following describes a VIROID?

-it consists of RNA -it can infect plants

Characteristics of ARCHAE that are similar to bacteria include their _________.

-method of multiplication -energy sources used -shapes -prokaryotic cell structure

Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons?

-microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties -microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms -microorganisms are cheaper to study -microorganisms multiply quickly

Algae are ________.

-multicellular, photosynthetic EUKARYOTES -single-celled, photosynthetic EUKARYOTES

Eukaryotic organisms can be ______.

-single-celled -multi-celled

The disproving of spontaneous generation led to an era referred to as the _______.

Golden Age of Microbiology

Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?

They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.

Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not _______.

composed of cells

A scientific experiment includes a component that rules out alternative explanations of the results by showing that the only feature that varied in the experiment was the characteristics being tested. The component that does this is called a __________.

control

Bacteria

domain of prokaryotic organisms, characterized by cell walls that are composed of peptidoglycan.

In research, a model organism should _____.

function in a manner similar to other organisms

the principle that microorganisms cause certain disease is called the ______ Theory of Disease.

germ

Which of the following infectious diseases killed more people in 1918-1919 than died in WORLD war 1 and 11 combined?

influenza

Mesosomes

irregular folds in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells that develop by the process used for preparing specimens for electron microscopy.

Transmission electron microscopy

is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through.

Compare to the range of types of plants and animals, microbes as a group are _____.

more diverse

All of the following are commonly found in algae EXCEPT ______.

peptidoglycan

John Tyndall's experiments in the 1800's showed that microorganisms remained in some broths even after boiling for 5 hours. He later realized that the results of his experiments were due to the presence of endospores. Pasteur might have had results similar to Tyndall's if he had used which materials to make his broths?

soil and hay

Magnification

the enlargement of an object by an optical instrument, TOTAL MAGNIFICATION is calculated by multiplying the objective lens magnification (power) by the ocular lens magnification (power).

True or false: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients.

true

Cervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) can be prevented by a(n) ______.

vaccine

If cattle, sheep, and deer had a microbe-free digestive tract, they would ______.

starve

Bacteria, such as members of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, belong in the domain _____.

bacteria

Chapter 1 - Study Guide (History of Microbiology) Vaccination 1. In a vaccination, immunity (resistance to particular disease) is conferred by inoculation with a vaccine. 2. In 1798, Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity from smallpox. 3. About 1880, Pasteur discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera; he coined the word vaccine. 4. ___________?

4. Modern vaccines are prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens, from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques.

The Human Microbiome Project

used DNA sequencing to characterize microbial communities that inhabit the human body

The scientific process involves a series of step. Rank the first four steps of this process in order. ___________

1. Make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation 2. Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation 3. Collect data from this experiment 4. Draw a conclusion

Chapter 1 - Study Guide (History of Microbiology) A Brief History of Microbiology The First Observations 1. Robert Hooke observed that plant material was composed of "little boxes"; he introduced the term cell (1665). 2. Hooke's observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the concept that all living things are composed of cells. 3._________________________

3. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, using a simple microscope, was the first to observe microorganisms (1673).

Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following?

They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes

In ALGAE, photosynthesis takes place in _____, which have chlorophyll, a green pigment.

chloroplasts

In ALGAE, photosynthesis takes place in ______, which have chlorophyll, a green pigment.

chloroplasts

Resolving power (resolution)

the ability to distinguish fine detail with a magnifying instrument.

The human body and its microbial inhabitants can best be compared to ______.

the earth's environment and their interacting inhabitants

Which of the following describes how fungi gain energy?

they degrade organic materials with enzymes

True or False: Eukaryotic microbes are generally LARGER than prokaryotic microbes.

true

True or false: Studies indicate early exposure to certain common microorganisms may actually protect humans from asthma and various allergies.

true

Where are ALGAE most likely to be found?

-MOIST terrestrial habitats -surface of oceans, lakes, and streams

Which of the following is/are the correct way(s) to write an organisms binomial name?

-S. aureus - Staphylococcus aureus

Chapter 1 - Study Guide (History of Microbiology) The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy: Dreams of a "Magic Bullet" 1. Chemotherapy is the chemical treatment of a disease. 2. Two types of chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the laboratory) and antibiotics (substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms). 3. Paul Ehrlich introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis (1910). 4. Alexander Fleming observed that the mold (fungus) Penicillium inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient penicillin (1928). 5. Penicillin has been used clinically as an antibiotic since the 1940s. 6._____________?

6. Researchers are tackling the problem of drug-resistant microbes.

Which of the following is a difference between ARCHAEA and BACTERIA?

Bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls whereas archaea DO NOT.

Because less than 1% of microorganisms can currently be grown in the laboratory, most of what we know about the other 99% comes from ______.

DNA sequencing

Negative stain

a procedure that results in colorless bacteria contrasted against a stained background.

Histone

a protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic chromosomes, aids in DNA folding.

Micrometer (µm)

a unit of measurement equal to 10-6 meter.

Because they are often caused by a HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection, most stomach ulcers are treatable with ________.

antibiotics

Which of the following is/are true regarding viruses?

-outside of host cells, viruses are inactive -viruses can only multiply within host cells

Infectious diseases can reemerge as a result of _________.

-pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications -parents refusing to vaccinate their children

Which of the following CANNOT reproduce independently?

-prions -viroid's

Which of the following describe(s) bacteria?

-some obtain energy from sources not used by animals or plants -shapes include rod, spherical, and spiral -some obtain energy from foods similar to what humans eat -they multiply by binary fission -some obtain energy from sunlight

Consider the HUMAN microbiome project begun in 2007. The term "microbiome" has which two overlapping meanings?

-the microbial community itself -the total genetic content of a microbial community

Which of the following is/are true regarding viruses?

-viruses are nonliving -viruses are smaller than most bacteria -viruses are acellular

In research, bacteria often serve as _____, meaning that they are studied as a means to better understand processes fundamental to higher life forms.

model organisms

Which is an example of BIOREMEDIATION?

using microbes to break down OIL after a spill in the OCEAN

Chapter 1 - Study Guide (History of Microbiology) The Golden Age of Microbiology The Germ Theory of Disease 1. Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a causal relationship between microorganisms and disease. 2. Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical dressings in order to control infections in humans (1860s). 3.____________?

3. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms caused disease. He used a sequence of procedures called Koch's postulates (1876), which are used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease.

Chapter 1 - Study Guide (History of Microbiology) The Debate over Spontaneous Generation 1. Until the mid-1880's, many people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter. 2. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat (1668). 3. John Needham claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth (1745). 4. Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham's experiments and suggested that Needham's results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765). 5. Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept of biogenesis: Living cells can arise only from preexisting cells (1858). 6. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis (1861). 7._________?

7. Pasteur's discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms that are in the air.

When considering the human body and it microbial inhabitants, we could best be described as ______.

A planet composed of various ecosystems, with an important part of these ecosystems being a population of interacting microbes.

True or False: Over the last 100 years, improvements in health have been in part due to using antibiotics to treat infectious diseases and vaccines to prevent them.

true

True or False: Studies indicate the normal microbiota of the body may affect brain chemistry.

true

True or false: Some scientists could not reproduce the results of Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment.

true

Unlike newspaper or blog articles, communications about scientific discoveries in respected scientific journals include ______>

-a pre-publication review process -information about the methods used in the experiment -detailed information that led to the conclusions

Which microorganisms lack a membrane-bound nucleus?

-archaea -bacteria

Like plants, some microorganisms _____.

-are photosynthetic -produce oxygen (O2)

Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that LACK membrane-bound organelles?

-bacteria -archaea

Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation?

-beer -cheese -yogurt