Chapter 1 - Homeostasis / Language of Anatomy

Which of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things. 1. Cells are the simplest structures to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive. 2. Cells are highly ordered and complex. 3. Cells have the ability to reproduce identical copies of themselves in a process called mitosis. 4. Cells cannot be seen with the naked eye and are considered microscopic.

1. Cells are the simplest structures to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the complementarity of anatomy and physiology? 1. Functions occur because of the anatomy that exists within the body. 2. Physiology is more concrete than anatomy, because it describes structures that can be seen. 3. Anatomy can be described only by the underlying physiology. 4. Anatomy is form, which is more concrete than physiology because of the visible structures.

1. Functions occur because of the anatomy that exists within the body.

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from a physiological perspective. Select the description below that comes from an anatomical perspective. 1. The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium. 2. The extremely thin tissue (simple squamous epithelium) of the lungs allows for the quick diffusion of respiratory gases into and out of the body. 3. The cell-to-cell connections between heart (cardiac) muscle cells are strong. They hold the tissue together for a life time of forceful contractions. 4. The direction of blood flow through the heart is directed by one way valves.

1. The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium.

You are asked to draw blood from the median cubital vein. You will search for this vein in the ________. 1. anterior side of the elbow 2. hand 3. lateral side of the foot 4. proximal arm

1. anterior side of the elbow

Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? 1. nervous 2. immune 3. lymphatic 4. muscular

1. nervous

Which two of these terms are used to describe the back of the elbow? 1. olecranon 2. antecubital 3. olecranal 4. brachial

1. olecranon 3. olecranal

In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment? 1. receptor 2. control center 3. stimulus 4. effector

1. receptor Homeostasis refers to maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. Receptors monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body and send this information (called input) to control centers for processing.

Which of the following cuts could cross the umbilical, pelvic, and nasal regions? 1. sagittal section 2. oblique section 3. coronal section 4. transverse section

1. sagittal

Which body cavity is further separated into other cavities? 1. thoracic 2. pleural 3. pericardial 4. abdominopelvic

1. thoracic The thoracic cavity contains the pericardial and pleural cavities, which in turn house the heart and lungs, respectively.

Pericarditis is a disorder in which pain is experienced in the_________. 1. thoracic cavity 2. abdominal cavity 3. pelvic cavity 4. abdominopelvic cavity

1. thoracic cavity

Which of these is not part of the ventral cavity? 1. vertebral cavity 2. abdominopelvic cavity 3. abdominal cavity 4. thoracic cavity

1. vertebral cavity

The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy. 1. systemic 2. gross 3. developmental 4. microscopic

2. gross

You are told to take an axillary temperature on a small child. You will place the thermometer ________. 1. on the forehead 2. in the armpit 3. under the tongue 4. in the rectum

2. in the armpit

Which directional term is used to describe the relationship of the skin to the skeletal muscles? 1. lateral 2. superficial 3. deep 4. medial

2. superficial

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback? 1. withdrawing your hand from a painful stimulus, like a broken glass 2. the formation of a platelet plug during blood clotting 3. insulin's reducing blood sugar 4. when your body is cold and triggers shivering to warm your body up

2. the formation of a platelet plug during blood clotting Correct. In order to prevent blood loss, the body needs a mechanism that amplifies the action that leads to clotting in a short period of time. This cascade or enhancement of a process is a positive feedback mechanism.

Which of the following best defines anatomy? 1. It is the study of tissues. 2. It is the study of all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. 3. It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another. 4. It is the study of how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

3. It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another. Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another.

All living organisms maintain an external boundary. Which of the following systems functions only within the body? 1. respiratory system 2. urinary system 3. circulatory system 4. digestive system 5. integumentary system

3. circulatory system

Which of the following represents the correct order in which the components interact in a homeostatic control system? 1. the effector, the stimulus, and the receptor 2. the variable, the receptor, and the set point 3. the receptor, the control center, and the effector 4. the receptor, the stimulus, and the effector

3. the receptor, the control center, and the effector Regardless of the factor or event being regulated--the variable--all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least three components that work together. The first component, the receptor, is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by signaling (providing input to) the control center. The control center compares the input to the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained, and signals the appropriate effector(s). The effector produces the effect (change) that counteracts the initial problem (stimulus).

What is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs? 1. to serve as extra tissue for blood flow to the organ 2. to provide passage of nutrients for the organ tissues 3. to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall 4. to provide a protective outer covering for the organ

3. to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall

Which of the following organs is least likely to be damaged in an automobile accident? 1. stomach 2. intestines 3. urinary bladder 4. liver

3. urinary bladder The urinary bladder is very well protected in the pelvic cavity by the two hip bones.

Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position? 1. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms extending perpendicular to the torso along a straight line with the clavicle. 2. The body is erect with feet together, palms facing backward, and thumbs pointing toward the body. 3. The body is erect with feet together and palms facing the thighs with thumbs pointing forward. 4. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.

4. The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body.

The knee is proximal to the thigh. True False

False

Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells. True False

False Cells are interdependent, which creates a division of labor within the body.

Digestion includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks, synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. True False

False This is the definition of metabolism (not digestion). Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks (e.g., breaking down glycogen into molecules of glucose), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (e.g., building a protein from amino acids), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. Digestion is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

What is the mediastinum?

The mediastinum is a cavity contained within the thoracic cavity.

A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction. True False

True

A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function. True False

True

Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance. True False

True