Chapter 1 Homeostasis

What would result from taking a drug that inhibits the activity of Enzyme C?

1. The concentration of active product would decrease 2. the concentration of intermediate 1 would increase 3. the activity of Enzyme A would increase 4. The concentration of intermediate 2 would increase

Percentage of water in interstitial fluid

25%

There are _______ general categories of differentiated tissue in the body.

4 (muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective)

Percentage of water in intracellular fluid

67%

Percentage of water in Plasma

7%

Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism?

After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase

Example of positive feedback loop.

Oxycontin secretion during the process of parturition (birth)

Which best explains what happens when you have a fever?

The body's set-point temperature is increased, causing temperature control mechanisms to maintain homeostasis at a higher body temperature

Which best describes how the total body balance of any chemical substance is determined?

The difference between the amount of substance lost from the body and the amount gained the body

Basolateral side

The region of an epithelial cell's membrane that faces the interstitial fluid

Which generalization about homeostatic control systems is NOT correctly stated?

The set points of physiological variables regulated by homeostatic controls do not vary-- that is, they cannot be reset from their normal values.

Which example is a local homeostatic response?

When a tissue is metabolically active, blood, vessels within that tissue dilate to allow more blood to flow into it.

Which describes a homeostatic control system?

When blood glucose becomes elevated above normal, hormones are released that cause glucose uptake from the blood into cells

A neuron is

a cell of the nervous system that is specialized to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells

What is a term describing a reflex that only occurs after a conscious effort and repeated practice?

acquired reflex

The tall slender body shape that helps to dissipate heat in people in native to equatorial regions is an example of

an adaption

The hormone insulin enhances the transport of glucose into body cells. Its secretion is controlled by a negative feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the cells that secrete insulin. Which of the following statements in most likely to be correct?

an increase in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn lower the blood glucose concentration

musculoskeletal system

bones, cartilages, joints, skeletal muscle

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Identify the types of muscle tissue.

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

The term used to describe the process of transforming and specialized cell into a specialized cell type is

cell differentiation

The simplest structural units into which a complex organism can be divided that still retain the functions characteristics of life are called

cells

Level of organization of the body in order from least to the most complex

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

________ tissue cells form teh extracellular matrix that exists around and between body cells

connective

Which of the following are general tissue type of the body?

connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscle

what is significantly different between the interstitial fluid compartment and the plasma in nearby capillaries?

dissolved protein concentration

What best describes the state of homeostatic variables?

dynamic constancy within a range

The type of tissue that covers the body surface and lines the inner surface of tubular and hollow structures such as the trachea and gut is

epithelial tissue

When a particular extracellular fluid variable is not changing and no input of energy is required to maintain the constancy it is said to be in a(n) ______ state; if energy has to be added to maintain the constant condition it is called a(n) _______ state

equilibrium, steady

True or false: homeostasis implies that a given physological function or variable is rigidly constant with respect to time

false

What type of regulation anticipates changes in variables and helps minimize fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated?

feedfoward

organs are organized into small, similar subunits often called ________ units, each of which performs the main process of that organ.

functional

reproductive system

gonad, external genitals, ducts, glands

The concentration of dissolved protein in plasma is ___________ than the concentration of dissolved protein in interstitial fluid.

greater

integumentary system

hair, skin, nails

circulatory system

hear, blood vessels

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment is termed

homeostasis

Which pair is the most similar in composition?

interstitial fluid and plasma

Which of the following body fluid compartments has the greatest percentage of total-body water?

intracellular fluid

Examples of organs

liver, kidney

Claude Bernard was a physiologist who first recognized that _______ is a prerequisite for good health

maintenance of a constant internal environment

Of the four general tissue types, the one that is specialized for generation of mechanical force is _________ tissue

muscle

generation of mechanical force is a function that is most characteristic of

muscle tissue

Body temperature is regulated around a set point of 37 degrees Celsius by a _____ feedback loop.

negative

A burn patient ingests 100 grams of protein per day and loses 110 grams of protein per day to the injury. What is the overall protein state of the patient?

negative protein balance

An elongated structure composed of a group of neuronal extensions packaged with connective tissue that carries signals between the nervous system and other parts of the body is called a nerve

nerve

Some neurons in the vagus nerve have synaptic connections to sinoatrial (pacemaker)cells in the heart. These neutrons secrete acetylcholine, which ultimately results in a decreased heart rate. This is an example of

neural control

After spending several days at a high altitude, where oxygen pressure is low, a person will begin to produce more red blood cells, which enhances the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the tissues. what term best describes this type of response?

physiological acclimatization

A _______ is a specific, involuntary, unpremeditated response to a particular stimulus.

reflex

A homeostatic control system works to return a physiological variable toward its

set point

When a person has a fever, the _____ ________ temperature is reset to a higher value, inducing mechanisms that increase the body temperature

set point

If a person begins to sweat upon entering a hot room but continued sweating is able to keep th ebody temperature constant, which of these best describes her condition?

she is in a steady state

What types of muscle tissue are involuntary

smooth, cardiac

In the negative feedback homeostatic reflex involved in thermoregulation, where does the comparison between the normal set point and the current temperature status occur?

specific integrating neuron in the brain

What is primarily composed of nervous tissue?

spinal cord, nerves, brain

Negative feedback occurring at the cellular level, which would result from taking a drug that inhibits the activity of enzyme B?

substrate and intermediate 1 concentrations would increase, while intermediate 2 and active product concentrations would decrease.

apical side

the region of an epithelial cell's membrane that faces away from the interstitial fluid

Which situation describesa feedward mechanism

the smell of rotten food on a plate triggers the vomit reflex

Epithelial cells are held together along their lateral surfaces between the apical and basolateral membrane by extracellular barriers called ________ junctions

tight

What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?

to bring about a rapid change in the body

True or False: Hormones released by endocrine glands can participate as components of homeostatic reflex arcs

true

The primary component of intracellular and extracellular fluid is _______-

water