Chapter 1

Which types of research design cannot provide casual reasons for the relationship between variables?

-Descriptive research -Correlational research

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

-Piaget's developmental theory -information-processing theory -Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Which are key factors of Bandura's social cognitive theory?

-behavior -cognition -environment

Four ways of measuring age:

-biological -psychological -social -chronological

Which of the following represent main issues that impact how we look at development?

-continuity and discontinuity -early and later development -nature and nurture

Which variables are found in experimental research?

-dependent -Independent

What are physiological measures used to collect data?

-functional magnetic resonance imaging -checking blood levels of hormones

What are the five stages of psychosexual development according to Freud?

-genital -phallic -anal -latency -oral

Ethnicity is rooted in:

-nationality -race -cultural heritage -religion -language

Which statements are consistent with what happens at each developmental stage in Erickson's psychological theory?

-there is a crisis that must be resolved -there is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.

What is the order of steps in the scientific method?

1. Conceptualize a problem 2. Collect research data 3. Analyze data 4. Draw conclusions

What are the three major types of research design?

1. Descriptive research 2.Experimental research 3.Correlational research

Konrad Lorenz

A European zoologist, helped bring ethology to prominence.

Jessica had formed an interrelated set of ideas to explain the phenomenon of social anxiety. Jessica has formed a(n):

A Theory

A case study

A type of research that is an in-depth look at a single individual.

What period of development is the period of transition from childhood to early adulthood? It begins at approximately 10 to 13 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age.

Adolescence

Correlational research

Aims to assess the strength of the relationship between or among variables

Experimental research

Aims to determine cause and effect

Descriptive research

Aims to observe and record behavior

Theory

An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions.

Who was an attachment theorist who stressed that attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span?

Bowlby

David is establishing economic independence, pursuing a career, and is considering getting married in the near future. David is very likely in what adulthood stage of his age?

Early adulthood

Which psychoanalytic theorist proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development?

Erickson

Cognitive development

Ex. Language and intelligence

biological development

Ex. Physical stature

True or false: life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

False; the focus of life-span development is from conception to death.

Deception

For study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would chance their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed.

Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language and symbolic thought. Waylon is in which developmental period?

Infancy

Normative age-graded influences

Influences that include biological processes like puberty and menopause.

Confidentiality

Information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants' information will remain anonymous.

Social policy

Is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizen.

Naturalistic observation

Means observing behavior in real-world settings, making no effort to manipulate or control the situation.

What period is the developmental period from about 6 to 11 years of age, approximately corresponding to the elementary school years?

Middle and late childhood

Melinda is at a museum, watching how parents interact with their children. She counts the number of times scientific explanations are give to girls versus boys. This is an example of:

Naturalistic observation

Informed consent

Participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw.

Debriefing

Participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended.

What period of development is the time from conception to birth?

Prenatal period

Social age

Refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.

Socio emotional

Relationships with others

What was Skinner's conditioning theory, the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence, called?

Skinner's Operant conditioning theory

Ethnological theory

States that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

life expectancy

The average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live.

Plasticity

The capacity for change.

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize:

The continuity in development

Eclectic theoretical orientation

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each one.