Chapter 1

Identify the statements that describe the voyages of discovery across the Atlantic Ocean.

Correct Answer(s): Cabot was the only explorer to arrive in present-day Canada. Magellan was the only explorer to sail around most of South America. Columbus crossed the Atlantic from Europe four times, landing in the present-day Caribbean and South America. Incorrect Answer(s): Vespucci crossed the Atlantic twice, landing both times in the present-day Bahamas.

To what degree did ideas of freedom inspire English settlers in North America?

Correct Answers: The English believed that they were bringing freedom to the Native American population and rescuing them from the Spanish. The English prided themselves on being exemplars of freedom. Incorrect: The English were curious about the Native Americans' ideas of freedom and sought to incorporate them into English culture. The English believed that the inhabitants of the New World posed a threat to their freedom, so they sought to conquer them.

The Spanish, French, and Dutch approached colonial settlement from different perspectives. Unlike the French and Dutch, the Spanish developed an empire. Identify the statements that describe the population in Spanish colonies.

Correct: All single men were required to marry. Persons born in Spain were the minority of the population in the Spanish colonies. Wives of colonists were required to leave Spain and join their husbands in the colonies. Incorrect: Indians were not wanted in Spanish culture, and so they were not granted any rights.

Martin Luther, a German priest, gained much attention when he posted his Ninety-Five Theses. What arguments did Luther express in the document? Correct Answer(s)

Correct: Luther accused the Catholic Church of corruption. Luther wanted to stop the sale of indulgences, which granted forgiveness in exchange for a fee. Luther wanted all Christians to read the Bible for themselves, not rely on interpretations from a priest. Incorrect: Luther suggested that natives were treated too kindly, and that all natives should be forced to join the Catholic Church at any cost.

Quadrants

Quadrants allowed travelers to calculate their exact latitude by calculating the distance from the sun, planets, moon, and stars. The name comes from its shape, a quarter of a circle.

In 1550, Spain abolished the encomienda system and replaced it with a new repartimiento system. Identify the key characteristics of the repartimiento system.

characteristics of the repartimiento system Natives were paid wages. Natives were required to perform a fixed amount of labor. Natives remained legally free. not characteristics of the repartimiento system Natives became the slaves of the Spanish.

Europeans held numerous ideas of freedom. Identify the characteristics of Christian liberty.

Correct Answer(s): Servitude and freedom were mutually reinforced through the ideal of becoming a "servant to God." less a political or social status, and more a moral or spiritual condition Incorrect Answer(s): very similar to native religious rites embraced religious toleration

Identify the key characteristics of the Hopi and Zuni civilizations of Western Indians.

Correct Answer(s): built planned towns with large multi-family dwellings constructed dams and canals to gather and distribute water conducted trade with faraway groups Incorrect Answer(s): traded exclusively with local groups

Most Native American tribes were individual groups before Europeans arrived; however, five Iroquois peoples did unite and formed a Great League of Peace. Identify the most likely reasons the five tribes of Iroquois united under one confederacy.

Correct Answer(s): to form an alliance against European invasion to combine their fighting forces to defeat other native tribes in the area Incorrect Answer(s): to more effectively isolate and quarantine themselves from European diseases Because the tribes were unable to agree on the terms of the unification, the idea was abandoned.

Identify the key characteristics of the French and Dutch colonies.

Dutch: Religious toleration existed for colonists. Legal rights existed for women. This country had patroons, who were landowners who had tenants work on their land for profits. French: They married Indian women, relying on them as guides, traders, and interpreters.

Identify why Christopher Columbus most likely brought ten inhabitants from the island of Hispaniola back to Spain.

He brought them back for conversion to Christianity.

What impact did the unifying of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile have on potential westward expansion for Spain?

It enabled them to complete the reconquista of Spain from the Moors, who had occupied the Iberian Peninsula for centuries. Ferdinand and Isabella then ordered all Muslims and Jews to convert to Catholicism or leave the country.

The Dutch were more tolerant of diverse religious faiths. However tolerant, Governor Petrus Stuyvesant of New Netherland was a strong supporter of the Dutch Reformed Church and wanted to alienate those of other religious faiths. What petition was filed by Quakers demanding they be allowed to settle in a Dutch colony?

Flushing Remonstrance

According to the widespread legal doctrine known as "*coverture,*" when a woman married she surrendered her legal identity and became "covered" by that of her husband. What did *coverture* mean for married women?

A married woman couldn't own property or sign contracts in her name. A married woman could not conduct business for the family. Family life was dependent on male dominance and female submission. -------------------------------------- Except in the rarest of circumstances, a woman couldn't go to court seeking a divorce.

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

Identify the territory that would be considered a borderland.

According to one historian, a borderland is a "meeting place of peoples where geographical and cultural borders are not clearly defined." The "middle ground" of the upper Great Lakes

Spain's reputation as a brutal and exploitative colonizer Stories of the Black Legend of Spain spread throughout Europe and the colonies through both writings and visual imagery. Identify the statement that best describes the Black Legend.

By the end of the sixteenth century, work in the Spanish empire consisted largely of forced labor by native inhabitants and slave labor by Africans on the West Indian islands. Like all empires, Spain always remained highly exploitative.

The inhabitants of what Native American city near present-day St. Louis were known for building burial mounds?

Cahokia

Identify the definition of métis.

Child of Indian woman and French man. Like the Spanish, the French were supportive of integrating Indians into their culture and society.

Most Native American societies were *matrilineal**. Which of the following is a characteristic of a *matrilineal** society?

Children become members of their mother's family, not their father's family. Tribal leaders were almost always men, but women played an important role in certain religious ceremonies, and female elders often helped select male village leaders and took part in tribal meetings.

What country had a large naval fleet and could have located America before Columbus?

China! They just stopped early and didn't go more westward! China was already the world's most important trading economy, with trade routes dotting the Indian Ocean. Admiral Zheng's purpose was not to discover, but to impress other peoples with China's might. Had his ships continued westward, they could easily have reached North and South America. This country was also the world's most important trading economy.

Why was Columbus more confident than others about his ability to sail westward?

Columbus used the Bible to calculate that Asia was only 3,000 miles to the west. For Columbus, as for other figures of the time, religious and commercial motives reinforced one another. A devout Catholic, Columbus drew on the Bible for his estimate of the size of the globe. Along with developing trade with the East, he hoped to convert Asians to Christianity and enlist them in a crusade to redeem Jerusalem from Muslim control.

Identify the statements that describe the encounters between the peoples of the Americas and the Europeans.

Describes the Encounters: + Europeans sought wealth in the New World, initially relying on natives for either trade or labor. + The Europeans competed with each other, trying to amass as many native converts to their specific religion as possible. + The invention of printing made it possible for Europeans to share information and follow in each other's sailing paths. Does Not Describe the Encounters: - Natives tended to welcome Europeans and never regretted it.

Given his recommendation for the improvement of Indian and Spanish relations, Bartolomé de Las Casas would have most in common with which other reform-minded individual?

Martin Luther Luther wanted to cleanse the church of abuses and critiqued the church in his Ninety-Five Theses, similar to the way Las Casas critiqued the Spanish treatment of innocent Indians.

The "*Columbian Exchange*" was a process of introducing animals, plants, technology, and disease from one part of the world to another. The exchange went both ways. Identify the country of origin of the goods that were part of this exchange.

Old World (Europe): sugarcane smallpox horses and cattle New World (Natives): corn and potatoes

Identify the statement that describes the French treatment of Indians.

The French had great admiration for the native societies, and as a result they frequently adopted native ways. New France witnessed considerable cultural exchange and intermixing between colonial and native populations. On the "middle ground" of the upper Great Lakes region in French America, Indians and whites encountered each other for many years on a basis of relative equality.

The Pueblo Revolt (1680) provided lessons for both natives and Spanish peoples. What were the outcomes of the Pueblo Revolt?

The Pueblo Revolt was a complete victory for Native Americans. Outcomes of the Pueblo Revolt: The Pueblos rejected all symbols of European culture. The Spanish adopted a more tolerant attitude in their relations with natives. Natives rebuilt their places of worship. The Spanish military was NOT victorious.