Chapter 1: The Building Blocks of Relationships

According to Malouff et al., 2010, rank the Big Five personality traits in the order of their importance, beginning with the least important to the most influential trait. (Place the least influential trait at the top.)

1. Openness to experience 2. Extraversion 3. Conscientiousness 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism (O E CAN means O, I Can!!!) (Least important to most important - L comes before M)

How do traditional gender roles do women a disservice?

By making them earn less on a job than their non-traditional coworkers By enabling them to learn better task-oriented skills by reducing their self-esteem By depriving them of skills that would facilitate more accomplishments and achievements By increasing instrumentality among those who have better skills by making them well adjusted

Identify the attachment styles proposed by Kim Bartholomew that correspond to the avoidant style proposed by developmental researchers. (Check all that apply.)

Dismissing style of attachment Preoccupied style of attachment Secure style of attachment Fearful style of attachment

True or false: Cultures that promote a more collective sense of self have higher divorce rates

False

True or false: Whether people's fears about intimacy are overstated or merely realistic, they are unlikely to experience frustrating costs in their relationships on occasion.

False

Match the levels of sex ratio (in the left column) with their characteristics (in the right column).

High sex ratio: There are more men than women. Low sex ratio: There are more women than men.

Identify a difference between intimate partners and individuals in casual relationships.

Individuals in casual relationships have more influence on each other than intimate partners do. Individuals in casual relationships have more meaningful impact on each other than intimate partners do. Intimate partners share more personal information with each other than individuals in casual relationships do. Intimate partners are less concerned about each other's well-being than individuals in casual relationships are.

Which of the following are true about intimate partners compared to individuals in casual relationships?

Intimate partners are more likely to invest lesser time and effort into relationships. Intimate partners are ordinarily committed to their relationships. Intimate partners feel more affection for one another than they do for most others. Intimate partners trust one another, expecting to be treated fairly and honorably. Intimate partners are more likely to think of themselves as "me" and "him" or "her."

Match the Big Five personality traits with their descriptions.

Openness to experience—the degree to which people are imaginative, curious, unconventional, and artistic versus conforming, uncreative, and stodgy. Extraversion—the extent to which people are outgoing, gregarious, assertive, and sociable versus cautious, reclusive, and shy. Conscientiousness—the extent to which people are industrious, dependable, responsible, and orderly versus unreliable, disorganized, and careless. Agreeableness—the degree to which people are compassionate, cooperative, good-natured, and trusting versus suspicious, selfish, and hostile. Neuroticism—the degree to which people are prone to fluctuating moods and high levels of negative emotion such as worry, anxiety, and anger.

Identify an accurate statement about trust in intimate relationships.

People place a great amount of trust in each person they meet The dynamic give-and-take between partners does not build trust Trust is fluid process rather than a static thing Trust is independent of a partner's disposition

Match the characteristics of the people with their level of avoidance of intimacy

People who are comfortable and relaxed in close relationships: Low in avoidance People who distrust others and keep their emotional distance: High in avoidance

Identify an accurate statement about psychiatric problems

People who experience high intimacy in relationships are prone to psychiatric problems Psychiatric problems tend to afflict people with inadequate ties to others People with psychiatric problems easily form intimate relationships Psychiatric disorders are unrelated to childhood relationships

Identify an accurate statement about people who are said to be androgynous

Their "masculine" traits conflict with their "feminine" traits They do not go through the cultural process of socialization They usually possess both instrumental traits and expressive traits They are either assertive and ambitious or warm and compassionate

True or false: In an intimate relationship, trust emerges from the dynamic give-and-take that partners share

True Trust emerges from the dynamic give-and-take that partners share each day. It is a fluid process.

In the context of parental investment, women choose sexual partners more carefully than men because they ____.

are completely uninterested in casual, uncommitted sexual intercourse are more concerned with quantity of children than quality of parenting invest more time and energy than men in each child they produce prioritize their partners' charisma over financial prospects

People who ____ hold favorable judgments of their skills and traits and are generally healthier and happier than others.

are reclusive and shy have high self-esteem are not industrious have high levels of anxiety

According to the Big Five personality traits, people are happier when their partners are ____.

industrious and organized adventurous and imaginative suspicious and imaginative suspicious and hostile cautious and reclusive

Dissatisfying relationships tend to make a person ____ and ____.

inspired; blissful euphoric; cocky calm; assertive neurotic; anxious

Warm, rewarding partnerships make a person ____ over time.

more imaginative reclusive and shy anxious more agreeable

According to theorists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary, a human need to belong is presumed to

necessitate regular social contact with those to whom one feels connected

Humans display a ____, a need for frequent, pleasant interactions with intimate partners in lasting, caring relationships if they are to function normally.

need to belong need for longevity need to introspect need for space

According to a leading theory, self-esteem is a ____, a subjective gauge that measures the quality of a person's relationships with others

psychograph quality indicator sociometer relationship clock

According to Baxter, a feature of people when they are close to others is that they ____.

seldom worry about being abandoned by those on whom they rely fail to acknowledge that people sometimes confuse sex with love may dread the loss of autonomy and personal control that comes with interdependency fail to recognize that there is dishonesty in relationships

According to Hefner and Wilson, cultural standards provide a foundation for intimate relationships because they ____.

shape people's expectations from relationships impact societal attitudes toward recreation shape a society's educational institutions impact societal attitudes toward psychiatric problems

According to evolutionary psychology, motives such as the need to belong have presumably come to characterize human beings because they ____.

were adaptive, conferring some sort of reproductive advantage to those who possessed them ensured that children are born without defects were probably less likely to have children who grew up to have children of their own ensured that men and women face similar reproductive dilemmas

For early humans, who lived in small tribal groups, the tendency to form stable, affectionate connections to others made it more likely that ____.

women had low parental investment one's children would survive and thrive men suffered from paternal uncertainty one's children would be born with defects

According to the critics of an evolutionary perspective of human nature, women's greater interest in a mate's money might be reduced if ____.

women routinely filled similar gender roles like men men routinely fill their specific gender roles, unlike women men had higher financial status than women women had lower social status than men

____ is an impact of socioeconomic development in the form of industrialization on intimate relationships

Lack of tolerance for wives who earn more than their husbands Lack of tolerance for divorce and infidelity Increasing acceptance of male breadwinners Increasing acceptance of a later age of marriage

Match the genders with their short-term mate selection mate selection strategies

Men: Attracted to partners who are sexually available and easy Women: Attracted to partners who are sexy, charismatic, and dominant

Match the genders with their expected traits based on gender roles

Men: Expected to be assertive, self-reliant, decisive, and competitive Women: Expected to be warm, sensitive, emotionally expressive, and kind

According to studies by developmental researchers, match the types of attachment styles displayed by children with their characteristics

Secure attachment: Children readily developed relationships characterized by relaxed trust Anxious-ambivalent attachment: Children were needy in their relationships with others Avoidant attachment: Children did not easily form trusting, close relationships

Match the types of people with their characteristics based on their anxiety about abandonment.

Secure people: Gladly seek intimate interdependency with others Preoccupied people: Want closeness but anxiously fear rejection Dismissing people: Do not worry about rejection but do not like closeness Fearful people: Are uncomfortable with intimacy and worry that the intimacy will not last

Identify an accurate statement about the experiment conducted by Ickes and Barnes.

The experiment did not involve couples in which both partners were androgynous. Traditional couples laughed less than the other couples. Traditional couples liked each other more than the other couples. The experiment paired couples that included two men or two women.

People who possess both sets of the competencies that are stereotypically associated with being male and with being female are said to be ____.

heterosexual androgynous homogenous omnisexual

According to Robles et al., a person's ____ is affected by the quality of that person's connection to others

career choice future plan dietary habit mental health

According to Wood and Eagly, critics of an evolutionary perspective of human nature ____.

contend that patterns of behavior that are highly noticeable are presumed to be evolved tendencies claim that women have to pick their mates less carefully than men emphasize the role of culture in shaping male and female behavior assert that an evolutionary model is the only reasonable explanation for many of the patterns of behavior

According to Ickes, traditional gender roles could ____.

create sexual compatibility in relationships. help couples solve misunderstandings during conflicts. help men and women form relationships with each other. cause incompatibility in relationships.

According to Stake and Eisele, people who are low in instrumentality tend to have ____.

high assertiveness low self-esteem strong personalities better task-oriented skills

Amanda wants to move in with her boyfriend, Ronald. However, Ronald is reluctant to do so because he believes that they need to get married before living together. In this scenario, ____ have influenced the relationship.

financial prospects cultural norms career choices gender differences

In the context of the influence of socioeconomic development on intimate relationships, education and financial resources ____.

force people to reduce their standard of living encourage people to ignore the value of education make people less efficient at work allow people to be more independent

Unlike prior generations, people have now begun to expect more personal gratification in their intimate relationships due to their ____ tendencies and character

hedonistic individualistic ethnocentric capitalistic