Chapter 1

microbes are:

1. responsible for enhancing our lives. 2.responsible for countless deaths 3.esssential for survival of living things

at present, what is true regarding infectious disease trends?

1.antibiotics no longer work against microbes 2.organisms that arent normally pathogenic are affecting people in great numbers

microbes are useful in the study of higher life forms because:____

1.they multiply quickly 2. its cheaper to study microbial life forms 3. they have the basic same metabolic mechanisms

_____developed the 1st antibiotic(pensulin)

Alexander Fleming

___identified microorganisms by gram(+) and gram(-)

Christian Gram

____ identified 1st virus(TMV) while determining why tobacco plants were dying

Dmitri Ivanovksi

_____ proposed that hygiene prevents infection by studying widwives

Ignaz Semmelweis

___ said to clean tools and insertion site before the surgery and then again after with phenol.

Joseph Lister

_____ identified HIV and the 1st reliable test for it.

Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo

___developed antimicrobial medication(salvarsan) treated sysphillis

Paul Erlich

___ identified bacillus anthracis(tied to antrax). he identified mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Robert Koch

____ developed the double helix shape for DNA.

Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins

what is a helminth?

a worm, some of which are parasitic

protoza can be found in what types of environments?

aquatic and terrestrial

which type of microorganisms have cells that lack membrane bound organelles?

archaea and bacteria

the causative agent of peptic ulcers is a(an):

bacterium

____ is the process by which microbes carry out the decomposition of harmful chemicals

biodegradation

designing organisms that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up enviormental waste through biorememedation is part of the broader field of ___

bioengineering

bacteria produce ethanol, hydrogen gas, and oils which have the potential to be used as ____

biofuels

using microorganisms to degrade toxic chemical spills is an example of ___

diodegration

____ developed the vaccine for smallpox

edward jenner

eukaryotic organisms are _______

either unicellular or multicellular

many ____ diseases are due to organisms "jumping" from a natural animal host to using humans as a host

emerging

a sterile environment is free of actively growing cells & microorganisms & dormant life forms such as ____

endospores

the cells of which microorganisms contain membrane bound organelles

eucarya

which cell type is generally larger in size?

eukaryotic

T/F Viruses are considered living organisms and are classified as members of domain archaea.

false

the term ____ refers to a multicellular parasite as a roundworm or tapeworm

helminth

an organisms carrying an obligate intracellular parasite is refereed to as the ___ for the parasite

host

many pathogenic bacteria were identified ____

in the golden age of microbiology

what is biotechnology?

manipulation of bacteria to solve practical problems

the main producers of O2 in the environment are_____

microorganisms

the development of the ___ established the science of microbiology by providing a means by which mircoorganisms could be viewed.

microscope

in the 1600s leeuwenhoek developed a single lens ___ which he used to view microbes.

microscopes

bacteria convert the element ___ in the air into a form that plants can use

nitrogen

what is the most common gas in earths atmosphere?

nitrogen

organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed _____

normal flora

an ___ is any small, membrane bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.

organelle

mitochondria, lysosomes, & other small compartments inside of eukaryotic cells are referred to as____

organelles

who helped disprove spontaneous generation?

pasteur

a ___ is the term used for ANY disease causing microorganism

pathogen

which process uses the suns energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from CO2 to H2O

photosynthesis

all____ are microorgansisms but not all ____ are microorganisms.

prokaryotes are eykaryotes not all

an enviornment or material that is completely free of all life form particles is referred to as__

sterile

mircobes serve as important models for study of higher organisms because:___

they have the same fundamental & genetic properties as other organisms

what 2 scientists provided evidence about microbial heat-resistance and the presence of endospores?

tyndall and cohn

a___ uses an infected host cells machinery and nutrients for reproduction and assembly

virus

____ obligate intracellular parasites and are comprised of a nucleic acid within a protein coat

viruses

which microbes always have a nucleus?

yeast and protists