chapter 1

agonist

(biochemistry) a drug that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiological reaction

additive effect

A drug interaction that occurs when two drugs with similar actions are taken, thus doubling the effect.

partial agonist

A drug that when bound to a receptor may elicit a physiologic response, but it is less than that of an agonist; may also block the response of a competing agonist

contraindicated

Avoiding a procedure or condition that may produce undesirable side effects

drug-drug interactions

Effects that occur when the drug is given along with another drug, food, or substance

prescription medications

Medications that are distributed to patients only by pharmacists according to a physician's order.

antagonist

a drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of another drug

prototype

a drug that represents a group of drugs.

receptor site

a location on a receptor neurons which is like a key to a lock (with a specific nerve transmitter); allows for orderly pathways

complience

a type of influence process where a receiver accepts the position advocated by a source to obtain favorable outcomes or to avoid punishment

local effects

act mainly at site of application.

drug interactions

additive effect, synergistic effect, antagonist effect, displacement, interference, and incompatibility are examples of this

plasma plateau

administration of repeated doses of the same drug will cause the drug to build up in the body until a plateau in achieved. This plateau will maintain a theraputic level.

drug attachment

agonist- attach to receptor type, antagonist-blocks receptor site, chemical innactive, partial agonist-able to complete w/ other s at receptor site

teratogen

any agent that interferes with normal embryonic development: alcohol or thalidomide or X-rays or rubella are examples

systemic effects

circulated through blood stream and act on various tissues or organs in the body.

allegeric reactions(hypersensitivity reaction)

dont see allergic reation with first exposure to the drug

cumulative effect

drug accumulates in the body if scond dose is given before earlier does, metabolized/excreted with become toxic

pharmocologic

extension of the drugs effects in the body

schedule 3 drugs

high abuse potential, but less than 1 and 2 ex. tylenol with codiene, sedatives, mixtures containing small amount of controlled substances.

schedule 1 drugs

high abuse potential; not usually medically accepted for treatment in u.s; no medical use in patient care ex. heroin, LSD, marijuana

schedule 2 drugs

high abuse potential; severe dependency likely ex. narcotics, demerol, morphine, codeine, amphetimenes, barbituates

synergistic effect

interaction of two or more medicines that results in a greater effect than when the medicines are taken alone

generic name

legal noncommercial name for a drug

schedule 4 drugs

less dangerous but some potential for dependency ex. non-narcotic analgesics and anti-anxiety drugs valium

schedule 5 drugs

limited abuse potential. Since abuse potential is low, a prescription may not be required. ex. cough syrup with codeine. anti-diherrheals

plasma drug levels

measuring the level of the med in the blood stream.

idiosyncratic reaction

occurs in a small number of people. The is a genetically determined abnormal response to ordinary doses of a drug. It can happen with the first dose of the drug. These reactions are strange, unique and unpredictable and are often caused by enzyme deficiencies from genetic or hormonal variations.

maintinence dose

once the high drug levels have been established through the use of a loading dose a plateau can be maintained by giving smaller doses on a regular schedule.

antagonist effect

one drug interferes with the action of another

displacement

one drug replaces another at receptor cites

OTC

over the counter

dose

refers to the ammount to be given at one time

dosage

refers to the frequency size and number of doses

half-life

standard method of expressing how long it takes to metabolize excrete the drug. The time it take to eliminate 50% of the drug.

teratogenicity

the ability of a drug to induce birth defecs. The greatest potential for this occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy. A blank is something that causes birth defects.

carcinogenicity

the ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous. A carcinogen is something that causes cancer.

carcinogenicity

the ability or tendency to produce cancer

interference effect

the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the second drug causing increased activity of the second drug.

incompatibility

the first drug is chemically incompatible with the second drug, causing deterioration when both drugs are mixed in the same syringe or solution.

placebo effect

the healing effect that faith in medicine, even inert medicine, often has

official name

the name under which a drug is listed in one of the official publications (e.g., the United States Pharmacopeia)

tolerance

the need for an increased dosage in order to achieve the same effect.

theraputic range

the range of the drug blood levels failing between minumum and maximum effective concentration and toxic concentration.

metabolic rate

the rate at which you metabolize medications

trademark name

the registered name used by the manufacturer

pharmacology

the science or study of drugs: their preparation and properties and uses and effects

venipuncture

the technique of administering iv additives

dependence

there is an actual physical need for the drug. This usually occurs with a controlled substance.

adverse reaction

these are examples of what. pharmocologic, idiosyncratic, allergic reation, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity

pharmocodynamics

what drug does to the body mechanism by which the drug affects the body structure

pharmakokinetics

what the body does to the drug

loading dose

when a blood plasma plateau must be acheived quickly a large does can be administered