Chapter 10

Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.

50

The usual duration of the typical adult human repeating sleep cycle is

90-110 minutes.

Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?

Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again.

What is the primary evolutionary benefit of a circadian rhythm?

It allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly.

Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false?

It is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia.

What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep?

It showed that that systems for controlling sleep are located in the brain.

How do dolphins sleep if they must regularly come to the water's surface to breathe?

Only one brain hemisphere sleeps at a time.

If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.

REM

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.

REM

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except

a strengthened immune system.

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

abolish

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

about 20

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

awakening

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

awakenings

Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity.

basal forebrain

If a hamster is kept in a laboratory and receives no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), its rhythms will eventually _______, with a daily cycle that lasts a bit longer than 24 hours.

become free-running

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience

better academic performance.

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?

brain rest

Many people with narcolepsy also exhibit _______, in which muscle tone is suddenly lost without loss of _______.

cataplexy; consciousness

People who tend to wake up in the morning with lots of energy likely carry a different version of the _______ gene than night owls, who stay up late at night and are drowsy in the morning.

clock

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of SWS and REM sleep may be related to the

consolidation of perceptual learning.

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of

improving long-term retention.

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during the _______ of a night's sleep.

initial half

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.

jet lag

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by

large-amplitude delta waves.

Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the

locus coeruleus.

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain

Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes.

pineal gland

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.

pontine

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that

reduce anxiety.

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.

shorter; REM

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.

stage 3

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.

stage 3

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.

stage 3

In a young adult, during the course of a night's sleep the length of the bouts of _______ sleep progressively decrease, while the length of bouts of _______ sleep progressively increase.

stage 3 SWS; REM

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during

stage 3 sleep (SWS).

The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by

sustained SWS.

A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of

sustained sleep.

The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because

the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light.

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior more than once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm.

ultradian

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes.