chapter 10 and 11

Which of the following are true of serotonin and norepinephrine activity during sleep-waking?

-Active during waking -Silent during REM -Reduced during N-REM compared to waking

Which of the following characterize androgen insensitivity syndrome in most cases?

-Female gender identity -Infertility -Female phenotype -Male genetic sex

Which of the following best describes the relationship between hormones and sexual desire in human males and females?

-Female sexual desire is most heavily influenced by estrogen and progesterone. -Male sexual desire is heavily influenced by testosterone levels.

Which of the following statements are true in most cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)?

-Females are often born with ambiguous genitalia -Female sexuality is more affected than male sexuality.

Which of the following are reliable biomarkers of prenatal exposure to androgens in humans?

-Having a ring finger that is longer than your index finger -The number of otoacoustic emissions in a given length of time

Under which circumstances would we expect to see high levels of cortisol?

-In response to an acute stressor -First thing in the morning

Which of the following statements are true in regards to individual differences in circadian patterns?

-Most adolescents become temporary owls -Some people are intermediate sleepers rather than larks or owls. -Circadian patterns are largely due to our genetics.

Which of the following is true of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?

-The AAP's Back to Sleep campaign effectively reduced SIDS deaths. -Some cases of SIDS actually resulted from suffocation. -Tobacco use in the household is a significant risk for SIDS.

Which of the following is characteristic of the effects of olfaction on attraction?

-We reject body odors that reflect a genotype that is similar to our own. -Body odor reflects a person's genotype related to the immune system. -Females using oral contraceptives cannot detect the differences in body odor related to the immune system genotype.

Which of the following sleep-waking disorders generally decrease in frequency with age?

-sleep terrors -sleep talking -sleep walking

Samuel was born with a rare condition in which his body isn't able to convert testosterone into a more potent form necessary for masculinizing the external genitalia. However, at puberty, he experienced normal maturation of his external genitalia due to the influence of testosterone. As a result, he was diagnosed with ______.

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

The idea that nightmares might result from the brain's awareness of sympathetic nervous system activity during REM is most consistent with which of the following theories of dreaming?

Activation-synthesis

Who would perform the best on a visuospatial task?

Charlie, who is a heterosexual male

How would you describe the effects of CAH on female play behavior?

Females with CAH show more interest in male-typical play than healthy females, but less than males.

Who would have the highest level of testosterone?

Hal, who just won his basketball game

Stanley only managed 4 hours of sleep last night. How can we characterize the sleep that he most likely experienced?

He got most of the N-REM he needed, but he will be REM sleep deprived.

Simon LeVay observed structural differences between heterosexual and homosexual males in which of the following structures?

INAH-3

Which of the following correctly describes the activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

It is active only during the day, regardless of whether a species is diurnal or nocturnal.

Angela discovers a new type of animal in the Amazon basin that is heavily preyed upon and sleeps in a burrow. What is the most likely sleep pattern for this animal to have?

It will sleep many hours

Which of the following psychological disorders is more common among females than among males?

Major depressive disorder

_____ is released by the _____ pituitary gland into the circulation during orgasm for both sexes and during childbirth and breast-feeding in women.

Oxytocin; posterior

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder is associated with which of the following disorders?

Parkinson's disease

Some parts of the brain are sexually dimorphic. For instance, in rats, the _______, which is part of the hypothalamus, is much larger in males than females.

SDN-POA

Most atypical sex chromosome syndromes have minor effects on IQ, assuming the individual has three or fewer sex chromosomes. However, one of the syndromes typically reduces IQ more than the others. Which one is it?

Triple X syndrome

Lavonna is pregnant with twins and will have a boy and a girl. Early in development, the _____ is present in both the male and the female embryos. However, this is the precursor for the male's internal reproductive structures and not the female's.

Wolffian system

Androgen insensitivity syndrome disrupts the normal development of the _____ in genetic _____.

Wolffian system; males

Turner syndrome

XO

Triple X syndrome

XXX

Jacob syndrome

XXY

Klinefelter syndrome

XXY

An individual with an X and Y chromosome will usually develop into _____.

a male

Terri's prenatal testing shows that her fetus has an XY genotype. However, the fetus also has a defective gene that produces abnormal androgen receptors. Terri's baby will likely be diagnosed with _____.

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Although it doesn't have an obvious role in sexual behavior, the ____ (a small band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres) is known to be sexually dimorphic.

anterior commissure

N-REM stage 3

combination of theta and delta waves

onset insomnia

difficulty getting to sleep

Prenatal androgens

distance between genitalia and anus

Charlotte just turned one year old. For her birthday she got many different types of toys. Compared to her older brother, Charlotte is likely to spend more time playing with her new _____.

doll

(t/f) According to Seymour Zeki's study of liking and loving, parts of the brain related to social judgment are more active when viewing a person you love than when viewing a person you like.

false

(t/f) According to research by Imperato-McGinley and her colleagues in the Dominican Republic, children with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency who were raised as females until puberty, and then took on male identity, experienced great distress as a result of the transition.

false

(t/f) According to the National Omnibus Sleep Study illustrated in the video, most Americans are obtaining adequate amounts of sleep.

false

(t/f) Central breathing-related sleep disorders can be managed by losing weight or having surgery to clear the airways.

false

(t/f) Empathy is positively correlated with measure of prenatal androgen exposure.

false

(t/f) Females were more likely to select the composite face illustrating low testosterone when considering sexual desire, but were more likely to select the higher testosterone face when asked to consider a long-term relationship

false

(t/f) Genes associated with externalizing behavior, such as cannabis use, are negatively correlated with genes associated with same-sex sexual behavior.

false

(t/f) Human growth hormone is released primarily in the early morning.

false

(t/f) Love and lust are associated with the same areas of the insula.

false

(t/f) Newborn infants spend less time in REM than older children and adults do.

false

(t/f) The Y chromosome is not expressed in the brain.

false

(t/f) The data support a continuum of behavior from same-sex to opposite sex-preference for sexual behavior.

false

(t/f) The default mode network (DMN) uses much less energy than the systems that control focused thought.

false

(t/f) The genetic loci associated with same-sex behavior were located on the X chromosome.

false

(t/f) The most common cause of ambiguous genitalia is androgen insensitivity syndrome.

false

verbal skills

female advantage

A potential marker for prenatal hormonal exposures occurs in the inner ear. As a result of different prenatal testosterone exposure, _____ tend to produce more _______.

females; otoacoustic emissions

beta waves

focused thought

maintenance insomnia

frequent waking throughout the night

Mini-puberty androgen exposure

growth in penile length

LeVay (1991) demonstrated that the INAH-3 was _____ in heterosexual men than in homosexual men.

larger

spatial skills

male advantage

Dr. Bennett is studying dimorphic brain structures in her rats. She found that ___ rats have more motor neurons in the _____ of the spinal cord.

male; spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB)

Cory is a homosexual male who has an identical twin, Fred. As Cory's identical twin, Fred is ___________ to be homosexual than if he were Cory's typical sibling or fraternal twin instead.

more likely

N-REM stage 4

mostly delta waves

Kyle has been diagnosed with erectile dysfunction. His doctor gave him a medication that targets ____.

nitric oxide

Albertha has been diagnosed with Turner syndrome. She received ______.

only one X chromosome

Narcolepsy results from deficits in which of the following neurochemicals?

orexins

Jena is pregnant with a son. Her doctors have shown that she has unusually high levels of ___ in her urine analysis. Based on current research, it is expected that her son will be _____ interested in typically "masculine" toys than sons of women with lower levels of this chemical.

phthalate; less

alpha waves

relaxed, non-focused thought

The Johnsons had a son born with Klinefelter syndrome. At puberty, their son will _____.

require hormone therapy to inhibit secondary female sex characteristics

gamma waves

response to significant stimuli

Danny has just entered puberty. As a result of normal hormonal events, he will develop _____.

secondary sex characteristics

REM

similar EEG to waking

N-REM stage 1

theta waves

N-REM stage 2

theta waves, sleep spindles, k complexes

When an individual's gender identity is inconsistent with the individual's biological sex, that person is said to be _____.

transsexual

(t/f) 5-alpha-reductase affects the appearance of male genitalia at birth, but not penis growth at puberty.

true

(t/f) Blue light is more likely than red light to break down melatonin.

true

(t/f) Both males and females produce LH and FSH, but these hormones have different effects in males and females.

true

(t/f) Build-up followed by degradation of circadian proteins like per and tim form the basis of cellular circadian clocks.

true

(t/f) Cataplexy is characterized by REM paralysis with conscious wakefulness.

true

(t/f) Compared to N-REM sleep, REM sleep activates more circuits related to emotional processing.

true

(t/f) Each time the eyes move in REM sleep, we can record a PGO wave.

true

(t/f) Genetic loci associated with same-sex sexual behavior were related to regulation of sex hormones and olfaction.

true

(t/f) INAH-3 is significantly larger in most human males than in most human females.

true

(t/f) In REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, REM paralysis fails.

true

(t/f) In males, the Mullerian system degenerates, but in females, vestiges of the Wolffian system remain.

true

(t/f) Most individuals using serotonin reuptake inhibitors experience sexual dysfunction.

true

(t/f) One of the reasons that the age of puberty might be dropping is that the population is better fed.

true

(t/f) Oxytocin is expressed more in the brains of females than in the brains of males.

true

(t/f) Oxytocin levels during pregnancy predict how attentive a mother will be once her child is born.

true

(t/f) People who have restless leg syndrome often have family members diagnosed with ADHD.

true

(t/f) People with symmetrical features are judged by others as beautiful.

true

(t/f) Phase advances cause us more disruption than phase delays.

true

(t/f) Sexual orientation in females is predicted by otoacoustic emissions and 2D:4D ration, but male sexual orientation is not.

true

(t/f) Sleep talking occurs in REM or lighter stages of N-REM sleep, whereas sleepwalking occurs in deeper stages of N-REM sleep.

true

(t/f) The study identified five genetic loci related to same-sex sexual behavior.

true

(t/f) Ultradian cycles peak about every 90-120 minutes.

true

(t/f) Work by Ganna et al. (2019) found no genetic predictors of same-sex behavior.

true

(t/f)Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern might be an exaggeration of the normal drop in serotonin levels that occur in the Fall.

true

One of the problems with linking the BSTc to male-to-female transsexualism is that BSTc is not sexually dimorphic until puberty and many youth report feelings of gender dysphoria at earlier ages.

true

There is a large body of research that suggests that males are better at _____ tasks while females are better at _____ tasks.

visuospatial; verbal