Chapter 10: Animal Classification

notochord (p. 196)

A flexible rod that supports a chordate's back

invertebrate (p. 196)

An animal that has never had a notochord, and supports its body with an exoskeleton instead.

vertebrate (p. 196)

An animal with a backbone

who began the classification process? (p. 198)

Carolus Linnaeus

What is the classification system (in order)? (p. 198)

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species **if you are having a hard time remembering this, try remembering the phrase, "King Philip cried out, 'For goodness sakes!'"**

radial symmetry (p. 194)

The quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point. (example: a starfish)

crustaceans (p. 203)

a class of arthropods with hard, crusty shells and more than 6 legs (crabs, shrimp, lobsters)

chelicerates (p. 204)

a class of arthropods with two body segments and 8 legs; spiders, scorpions, and ticks

Sponges (p. 201)

a group of animals with no symmetry, cephalization, or gut

echinoderms (p. 202)

a group of animals with spiny skin, including sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers; radial symmetry, no cephalization, and a complete gut

cnidarians (p. 201)

a group of animals with stinging cells, called cnidocytes; have radial symmetry, no cephalization, and an incomplete gut

body cavity (p. 195)

a hollow within the body that contains most of the animal's vital organs

chordate (p. 196)

animal that has a notochord for at least one stage of its life.

indicator species

animals that can give scientists clues about the health of the animal's environment (amphibians are an indicator species)

endotherms (p. 197)

animals that can regulate their inner temperatures

ectotherms (p. 197)

animals that can't regulate their inner temperatures

fish (p. 206)

aquatic vertebrates possessing fins, gills, streamlined bodies, and most are ectothermic; make up the largest group of vertebrates

Cephalization (p. 195)

concentration of sensory organs and brain at the front of an animal's body- the head

amphibians (p. 207)

ectothermic vertebrates that usually live in the water when young, and live on land as adults; as adults, they must keep their skin moist

Are humans endothermic or ectothermic?

endothermic

What are the three major groups of worms? (p. 201)

flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms

Reptiles (p. 208)

have lungs, dray and scaly skin, and lay eggs that are covered with a leathery shell; ectothermic

worms (p. 201)

long, soft-bodied animals with bilateral symmetry and cephalization; a segmented worm has a complete gut

Asymmetry (p. 194)

no symmetry (example: a sponge)

mollusks (p. 202)

one group of animals with soft bodies and usually a shell, including snails, octopuses, and clams; bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and a complete gut

zoologist (p. 193)

scientist who studies animals

backbone (p. 196) **give the other name for the backbone**

spinal column

arthropods (p. 203)

the animal phylum with the most species; have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton; bilateral symmetry, cephalization, and a complete gut

insects (p. 203)

the largest class of arthropods; adults: three body segments and 6 legs; only invertebrates that can fly

symmetry (p. 194)

the property of an object that means that it can be divided by one ore more imaginary lines into mirror- image halves

Baraminology (p. 199)

the study of classification based on the idea of biblical kind

what is the backbone composed of, and what is the backbone's job? (p. 196)

vertebrae; to protect the spinal cord

birds (p. 210)

vertebrates that have feathers, wings, and beaks without teeth

mammals (p. 210

vertebrates that have hair and produce milk for their young through the mammary glands of the mother mammal.

incomplete gut (p. 195)

when an animal has one opening to the digestive tract

complete gut (p. 195)

when an animal has two openings to the digestive tract

bilateral symmetry (p. 194)

where only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves. (example: a crab)

Name the two groups of amphibians and their characteristics (p. 207)

1) Frogs and Toads: have strong hind legs for jumping and no tail; include the smallest known vertebrates 2) Salamanders: lizard-like amphibians with tails

What are the three major groups of mollusks? (p. 202)

1) Gastropods- snails and slugs 2) Cephalopods- octopuses and squids 3) Bivalves: animals with two- piece, hinged shells, such as clams, oysters, and scallops

Name the three groups of fish and their characteristics (p. 206)

1) Jawless- no scales or paired fins; eel-like creatures with skeletons made of cartilage 2) bony- largest group of fish; have endoskeletons made of bone, jaws, paired fins, and most have scales 3) cartilaginous fish- have jawes, scales, paired fins, and endoskeletons made of cartilage

Name the three different kinds of mammals and what sets them apart from one another (pp. 211-212)

1) Placental Mammals: a mammal that provides its embryo with oxygen and food through a structure called the placenta; the embryo is connected to the placenta through the umbilical cord 2) Egg- Laying Mammals: mammals that lay soft- shelled eggs; these mammals are called monotremes 3) Marsupials: a mammal with a pouch in which to raise its young

Characteristics used to classify animals (pp. 194- 197) **HINT: there are 6 of them**

1) Symmetry 2) Heads 3) Guts 4) Body Cavities 5) Presence of a backbone 6) Temperature control

Name the 5 different 'kinds' of vertebrates that you studied this chapter (pp. 206- 212)

1) fish 2) amphibians 3) reptiles 4) birds 5) mammals

characteristics of animals (p. 193)

1) many eukaryotic cells 2) consumers 3) specialized cells 4) movement 5) eat 6) reproduce sexually (some can asexually)

Characteristics of an invertebrate (p. 200)

1) no backbone 2) ectothermic

Name the four groups of reptiles, and give the characteristics of the three that were discussed in more detail (p. 208)

1) snakes and lizards: called squamates when grouped together; are covered with hard scales, molt, and have moveable jaws 2) crocodiles and alligators: called crocodilians; covered with scutes, shed their skin but not all at the same time, and have 4-chambered hearts 3) turtles: have two hard, bony shells that cover their bodies (one on top, one on bottom) 4) tuataras

Name the 6 different 'kinds' of invertebrates that you studied this chapter (pp. 201-204)

1) sponges 2) cnidarians 3) worms 4) echinoderms 5) mollusks 6) arthropods

characteristics of vertebrates (p. 205):

1) vertebrae 2) skulls 1) living endoskeletons