Chapter 10 - Europe in the Middle Ages

Dominicans

mendicant order founded by St. Dominic to combat heresies, ie. Albigensianism; modeld rule on St. Augustine's rule and prized learning as an effective means to defend the faith; instrumental with the court of the Inquisition

Franciscans

mendicant order unintentionally founded by St. Francis of Assisi; preached peace; motto is "My God, my all"

bourgeoisie

middle class, including merchants, industrialists and professional people

Jon Hus

Czech reformer who was burned at the stake for heresy

During the Inquisition, relapsed heretics were... A) forced to perform public penance. B) flogged. C) tortured until they confessed. D) executed.

D) executed.

The intellectual revival led to the formation of universities where.. A) studies focused on training for a career. B) most students pursued degrees in theology. C) classes were devoted to discussion and debate. D) studies began with a liberal arts curriculum.

D) studies began with a liberal arts curriculum.

Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the revival of trade in Europe? A) the emergence of a money economy B) a regular exchange of goods between Flanders and Italy C) the establishment of banking firms D) the replacement of old Roman cities with new centers of trade

D) the replacement of old Roman cities with new centers of trade

Subjects taught in university in the High Middle Ages

Students began by studying the liberal arts - grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, geometry, music, and astronomy.

The Dominican religious order... hearsay

The Dominican order was founded by Spanish priest, Dominic Guzmán who wanted to defend the church's teachings from hearsay.

Hildegard of Bingen

powerful female abbess and composer

Francis of Assisi

priest who abandoned all wordly goods to preach and live in poverty

Papal Inquisition

program of the Church, in collaboration with secular authorities, to judge the guilt of suspected heretics with the goal of getting them to repent; abused through the use of torture, anonymous accusations, and state executions

St. Clare of Assisi

protege of St. Francis of Assisi; founded the order the Poor Clares for women, which is modeled on St. Francis's Rule

Concordat of Worms

(1122), solved the question of lay investiture, the emperor invested bishops with temporal signs of office (scepter; only another churchman could invest a bishop with the spiritual signs of office, the ring and staff)

During the High Middle Ages... Church sacraments

...

Trade Fair

A gathering of merchants, craftsmen, and artisans to buy and sell goods and service during late Middle Ages.

Three-field System

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

A dispute over __________ led to the Great Schism of the Church. A) who was the legitimate pope B) taxation of the clergy C) the king's power to appoint bishops D) the lifestyle of the pope

A) who was the legitimate pope

In addition to supervising their households, some women.. A) worked outside the home. B) became elected officials. C) attended universities. D) none of the above.

A) worked outside the home.

In Spain, the monarchs expelled

All professed Jews in 1492. And in 1502, Isabella issued a decree expelling all professed Muslims from her kingdom.

Francis of Assisi

Although he is associated with the life of poverty, humility, and devotion to the example of Jesus, he did not start out that way. Born to a wealthy Italian merchant family in Assisi, he was a handsome fun-loving youth fond of fancy clothes and popular songs. He was also soldier whose sympathies were always with the poor. On a pilgrimage to Rome he emptied his money pouch at the tomb of St. Peter, giving it all to the poor and exchanging his fancy clothes with those of a beggar. His humility and generosity had made him one of the Catholic church's most beloved saints.

Taille

An annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy

After the Hundred Years' war, England faced more turmoil from

At the end of the Hundred Years' War, England faced even greater turmoil when civil conflict - known as the Wars of the Roses - erupted. Noble factions fought to control the monarchy until 1485, when Henry Tudor established a new dynasty

A desire for greater discipline prompted a group of monks to form the new order of __________ A) Benedictines. B) Cistercians. C) Franciscans. D) Dominicans.

B) Cistercians.

All of the following changes in farming technology contributed to an increase in food production and population growth during the Middle Ages EXCEPT ... A) the invention of the horse collar. B) a climate change. C) a heavy plow with an iron plow share. D) a three-field system of crop rotation.

B) a climate change.

Scholasticism's chief task was to... A) reconcile monarchical power and the power of the Church. B) harmonize Christian teachings with Greek philosophy. C) translate the works of Greek philosophers. D) demonstrate the existence of God through rational argument.

B) harmonize Christian teachings with Greek philosophy.

An example of the Church's dominant role in people's lives during the High Middle Ages was the __________, which barred some people from receiving the sacraments. A) Investiture Controversy B) interdict C) Concordat of Worms D) Cistercian Order

B) interdict

To join a guild, a person needed to.. A) become an apprentice. B) produce a masterpiece. C) have five to seven years of experience. D) become a journeyman.

B) produce a masterpiece.

The disastrous forces that overwhelmed Europe in the fourteenth century included all EXCEPT ... A) the Hundred Years' War. B) the War of the Roses. C) the Black Death. D) severe economic problems.

B) the War of the Roses.

Which of the following did NOT mark the reestablishment of the centralized power of the monarchy in fifteenth century Europe? A) the increased use of the taille B) the tithe C) the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella D) the reign of Tudor King Henry VII

B) the tithe

The inquisition

Being positions goals was to identify people who hold had committed hearsay and convince them to confess. In most cases, the sentence was an act of penitence, such as a pilgrimage. More extreme punishments were reserved for those who refuse to repent or repeated their hearsay.

The innovation of __________ when building Gothic cathedrals made the use of stained glass windows possible. A) barrel vaults B) pointed arches C) flying buttresses D) ribbed vaults

C) flying buttresses

Which of the following was NOT an example of a strong Catholic Church in medieval society? A) the interdict B) the restoration of the marriage of Philip Augustus C) the continuation of the feudal system D) the naming of the archbishop of Canterbury under King John

C) the continuation of the feudal system

Sacraments

Christian rights

Pope Innocent III\interdict

During his papacy in the 1200s, the Catholic Church reached the height of its political power. To reach his political ends, Innocent use the spiritual weapons at his command. His favorite was the interdict. The interdict for bids priest forgiving the sacrament (Christian rights) of the church to a particular group of people.

The Black death killed caused what

Economic effects: drastic decline in population which led to: 1. labor shortage bargaining power for serfs with landlords higher wager for laborer and artisians 2. decline in trade 3. less demands for food lower food prices Social Effects: 1. decline in serfdom 2. growth of cities 3. peasant revolts 4. preoccupation with death in art and literature

...weapons help the outnumbered English defeat the French

English soldiers were are not only with pikes, or heavy spears, but also with longbows. The longbow had greater striking power, longer range, and more rapid speed of the fire then the crossbow. The English archers devastated the French.

Joan of Arc

French peasant girl who brought the Hundred Years' War to a turning point by inspiring French armies

The Guild system

Guilds played a leading role in the economic life of cities. There were guilds for almost every craft and separate skills for specialized groups of merchants such as dealers in silk, spices or wool. They also determine the number of people I can enter into specialized trade and the procedure they must follow to do so.

Thomas Aquinas

He entered the religious life at an early age and spent many years in study and meditation. Over time he can became one of the greatest intellects the Catholic Church ever produced. In the 1200s he made the most famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity. He was also known for his Summa Theologica.

Spain's two strongest kingdoms - Castile and Aragon - were united when

Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, it was a major step toward unifying Spain. Castile and Aragon remained distant political kingdoms was separate councils of state and Parliament. However, Isabella and Ferdinand work together to strengthen their royal control in the dual monarchy. They also believed that religious unity was necessary for political unity. In 1492, they took drastic steps of expelling all professed Jews from Spain.

Patricians

Member of the wealthiest and most powerful families

Cistercians

Monks who were unhappy with the lack of discipline at their own Benedictine monastry.

Serfs and peasants

Serfs, peasants legally bound to the land, provided with labor services, pay rent and be subject to the lord's control. Probably 60% of Western Europeans were serfs. Peasants used the rest of the estate land which was not being utilized by serfs to grow food for themselves. Barn building and digging ditches was part of the labor services peasants provided. Peasants were obligated to pay their tithe (1/10 of their produce) to the local village churches.

Louis XI

The development of a strong French state was greatly advantaged by King Louis XI, who ruled from 1461 to 1483. Lowest ranked in the use of taille - an annual direct tax usually on land or property - as a permanent tax imposed on royal authority. This tax gave Louis a sound, regular source of income.

Burghers or bourgeoisie

Usually a group of merchants build a settlement near a Castle because it is located along the trade route and because the Lords of the castle would offer protection. If the settlement prospers and expands, new walls were built to protect it. The merchants and artisans of the cities later became to be called burghers or bourgeoisie, from the German word for burg, meaning "a walled enclosure"

The Great Schism

When Pope Urban VI remained in Rome, there were now two popes (Pope from Avignon) beginning the Great Schism which divided Europe. France and its allies supported the Pope in Avignon. England and its allies supported the Pope of Rome. The great schism destroyed the church.

Lay investiture

When an individual became a church official in the Middle Ages, he was given a ring and a staff. These objects symbolized the spiritual authority with which the church granted, or invested, the official. Secular, or lay, rulers usually chose nominees to the church office and gave them the symbols of their office, a practice known as...

Inquisition

a court established by the Catholic Church in 1232 to discover and try heretics

Interdict

a decree by the pope that forbade priests to give the sacraments of the church to the people.

Masterpiece

a finished piece in a certain craft

Black Death

a form of Bubonic plague, spread by fleas carried by rats

Carrcua

a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare.

Scholasticism

a medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

Burgher

a merchant or artisan in the middle ages, also known as bourgeoisie

Apprentice

a person who wanted to learn a trade, about 10 years old, was not paid

Orleans

a siege led by Joan of Arc

Great Schism

a split in the Catholic Church that lasted from 1378 to 1418, during which there were rival popes in Rome and in the French city of Avignon; France and its allies supported the pope in Avignon, while France's enemy England and its allies supported the pope in Rome

Journeyman

after five to seven years of being an apprentice, work for wages for other masters

Money economy

an economic system based on money, rather than barter

Saint Thomas Aquinas

best known for Summa Theologica, the most famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity

Relics

bones or other objects connected with Saints

Pope Innocent III

brilliant canon lawyer who believed that Christ granted both spiritual and secular leadership to the pope, Innocent saw Europe as one large monastery with himself as the abbot; in his reign, the Church emerged from the Dark Ages where it was at the mercy of feudalism

Guild

business association

Henry V

defeated the French at Agincourt; gave the English control of Northern France

Investiture controversy

dispute over who would control appointments of Church officials was the most significant conflict between ecclesial and secular powers in medieval Europe

Manorialism

economic system during the middle ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land

Commercial Capitalism

economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits.

Hildegard of Bingen

first woman composer/abbess and important contributor to Gregorian chant

Dominicans

founded by Dominic de Guzman, wanted to defend the Church teachings from heresy

Franciscans

founded by Saint Francis of Assisi, followers took vows of absolute poverty, agreeing to reject all property and live by working and begging

St. Dominic Guzman

founder of the Friars Preachers, popularly called the Dominicans or Order of Preachers (OP); Spanish priest

Robin Hood

gained fame by robbing from the rich figures of authority and giving to the poor.

Longbow

had greater striking power, longer range, and more rapid speed of fire than the crossbow.

Chanson de geste

heroic epic

Anti-Semitism

hostility toward or discrimination against Jews

Peasants typically began on the fields to grow crops

in October for winter crops and February and March for spring crops.

Serf

in medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control.

Manor

in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate run by a lord and worked by peasants.

New monarchy

in the fifteenth century, government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen, i.e., France, England, and Spain

Heresy

the denial of basic church doctrines

Black Death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague; killed nearly half the people of western Europe

Vernacular

the language of everyday speech in a particular sign.

Investiture Controversy

the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Pope Gregory VII concerning who would control appointments of church officials

Lay Investiture

the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symobls of their office.

Magna Carta

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

Theology

the study of religion and God

Joan of Arc brought the Hundred Years' War

to returning point but did not live to see it end. Joan of Arc' visions led to her greatest successes. She predicted the French army would suffer a major defeat and when this happens the officials began to take her seriously. King Charles VII allowed her to the company if French army to Orléans. The English captured Joan in 1430 and turned her over to the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft. Joan was condemned to death as a heretic.

The struggle between Henry IV and Gregory VII

was known as the Investiture controversy. In 1075, Gregory band lay investiture, asserting superiority of the church over the lay authority. Henry invests a new Bishop of Milan, replacing Gregory's choice. In 1076, Gregory disposes and excommunicates Henry. In 1077, Henry submits to Gregory and is absolved. German princes declare Henry dethroned and elect Rudolf, sparking civil war. In 1080, Gregory supports Rudolph over Henry. Henry names an anti-Pope, Clement III. Gregory excommunicates them both. In 1105, Henry is forced to abdicate as his constant support for Clement III weekend his rule. The struggle continued until a new German King and a new pope reached the Concordat of Worms agreement in 1122.

Bologna

where the first European university was created