Chapter 10

When is the id first present in the mind? At birth At 9 months At 2 years At 12 months

At birth

_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.​ ​Sigmund Freud ​Alfred Adler ​Carl Jung ​Erik Erikson

Carl Jung

According to Erikson, which of the following is the goal of adolescence? Genital sexuality Latency Sexual maturity Ego identity

Ego identity

Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory? It failed to recognize the significance of repression. It ignored the role of id, ego, and superego. Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect. It dismissed the profound effects of childhood events.

Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect.

Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is characterized by the repression of sexual impulses? Oral stage Phallic stage Latency stage Anal stage

Latency stage

Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the _____. ​ ​phallic stage ​anal stage ​oral stage ​genital stage

Lauren is fixated at the anal stage. Anal fixations may stem from the conflict between parent and child and lead to either of two sets of traits in adulthood

_________ is also termed as modeling.​ ​Gender typing ​Social cognition ​Observational learning ​Self-actualization

Observational learning

Which of the following represents the correct developmental sequence of Sigmund Freud's stages of psychosexual development? Oral, phallic, anal, genital, and latency Phallic, oral, genital, latency, and anal Anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

_________ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another.​ ​Cognition ​Personality ​Motivation ​Liability

Personality

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established? Reliability Variability Validity Scoring

Reliability

Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work? She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously. She did not receive enough nurturance from her mother. She has irrational beliefs about the value of such work. She is exhibiting reaction formation.

She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.

_________ is a process in psychological testing that checks out the scores, validity, and reliability of a test with people of various ages and from various groups.​ ​Acculturation ​Standardization ​Cognition ​Gender typing

Standardization

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective test? The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory The Rorschach Inkblot Test The Thematic Apperception Test Word Association Test

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken? The Rorschach Inkblot Test The Thematic Apperception Test The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory An Objective Test

The Thematic Apperception Test

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.​ ​moral principle ​reality principle ​pleasure principle ​reasoning principle

The ego is guided by the reality principle

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory? The role of psychodrama as a therapeutic tool The concept of reward and punishment The far-reaching effects of childhood events The idea that group dynamics have therapeutic effects

The far-reaching effects of childhood events

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.​ ​girls' inferiority complex ​scientific evidence ​the theory of psychosocial development ​Western cultural prejudice

Western cultural prejudice

The Electra complex involves: a girl wanting to kill her father and possess her mother. a boy wanting to kill his father and possess his mother. a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother. a boy longing for his father and resenting his mother.

a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.

According to Jung, which of the following refers to the primitive images contained in the collective unconscious? Libido Archetypes Traits Memory traces

archetypes

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.​ ​transcendence ​conscientiousness ​temperance ​courage

conscientiousness

The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.​ ​it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior ​it tends to be more descriptive than explanatory ​it gives less attention to person variables such as values and expectancies ​it subdues the importance of publicly observable variables or behaviors

it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior

Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____. ​phallic stage ​anal stage ​oral stage ​genital stage

oral stage

The Electra complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.​ ​anal stage ​genital stage ​oral stage ​phallic stage

phallic stage

According to Freud, the id followsthe _____.​ ​moral principle ​reality principle ​pleasure principle ​reasoning principle

pleasure principle

In infancy, Brian did not have the good fortune to have an affectionate mother. His mother suffered from alcoholism and abused drugs. She was always emotionally unavailable to him. As a result, he now has difficulty in his relationships with others and cannot trust people easily. This situation supports the views of the _____.​ ​sociocultural perspective ​psychosexual theory ​psychosocial development theory ​analytic psychology

psychosocial development theory

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.​ ​self-awareness ​self-actualization ​self-efficacy ​self-concept

self-awareness

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____by social cognitive theorists.​ ​defense mechanism ​self-efficacy expectations ​modeling ​existentialism

self-efficacy expectations

The _________ functions according to the moral principle.​ ​ego ​id ​alter ego ​superego

superego

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize? Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood. There are only four stages of sexual development in the psychological development of human beings. Women should remain at home and care for children. Young girls experience penis envy when they discover that boys have a penis.

unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses are less important than social relationships

In psychological testing, _________ refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.​ ​reliability ​variability ​validity ​scores

validity

Jim overhears a classmate explaining to a friend that people are free to do what they choose with their lives and that the meaning of their lives is what they give to it. He further explains that people have unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.​ ​Abraham Maslow ​Carl Rogers ​John Watson ​Hans Eysenck

​Carl Rogers

Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.​ ​behavioral theories ​psychodynamic theories ​humanistic theories ​cognitive theories

​psychodynamic theories

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.​ ​conditional positive ​unconditional negative ​conditional negative ​unconditional positive

​unconditional positive

Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assuredBobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.​ ​uncategorical aptitude ​unconditional positive regard ​uncategorical positive aptitude ​conditional positive regard

​unconditional positive regard

A psychology professor argues that the nature of the mother-infant relationship and social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. In addition, she argues that we are conscious architects of our own personality. The professor's views are closest to those of _____.​ ​Karen Horney ​Carl Jung ​Alfred Adler ​Erik Erikson

​Erik Erikson

_________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.​ ​Self-concept expectations ​Self-esteem expectations ​Self-efficacy expectations ​Self-actualization expectations

​Self-efficacy expectations

The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.​ ​anal stage ​oral stage ​genital stage ​phallic stage

​phallic stage

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory? It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes. It emphasizes the feelings of inferiority and the creative self. It focuses on personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system. It focuses on learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences.

It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetype

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called? Reliability of scale format Validity of scale format Behavior rating scale format Forced-choice format

Forced-choice format

Which of the following is the final stage in Freud's stages of psychosexual development? Phallic stage Genital stage Latency stage Anal stage

Genital stage

_________ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.​ ​Individualists ​Humanists ​Behaviorists ​Collectivists

Individualists tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals

The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the _________ in which a person grows up.​ ​culture ​traits ​geographical location ​behavior

The seeds of individualism and collectivism are found in the culture in which a person grows up

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives? Sociocultural theorists Humanistic theorists Freudian theorists Cognitive theorists

To the humanistic theorists, personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives

Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States? A person from Mexico feels isolated living in his new setting. A woman from Mexico is angry that no one speaks her native language. A child from France is learning English at home. A man seeks out other immigrants who came from his native country.

A child from France is learning English at home.

Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism? A child acts selfishly due to his id. A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior. A child becomes an engineer due to her genes. A woman becomes a lawyer because she has a need for achievement.

A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior.

According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.​ ​self-esteem ​self-concept ​self-efficacy ​self-ideals

According to Carl Rogers, self-ideals refer to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming

_________ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.​ ​Humanism ​Behaviorism ​Existentialism ​Individualism

Existenitalism in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory? It failed to recognize the importance of repression. It ignored the role of sexual drives. It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures. It disregarded the far-reaching effects of childhood events.

It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression? Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now. Mark wants to remember what he ate for lunch but is not sure whether it was tuna or hamburger. Michael tells people he did not cheat in high school but knows it is untrue. Rachel thought about going to a party, but her mother forced her to stay at home.

Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis? He is extraverted and stable. He is introverted and unstable. He is extraverted and unstable. He is introverted and stable.

be extraverted and unstable

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of: collectivists. individualists. impressionists. neo-impressionists.

collectivists.

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on: the collective unconscious and archetypes. feelings of inferiority and the creative self. personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system. learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personal differences.

feelings of inferiority and the creative self

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability.​ ​agreeableness-disagreeableness ​openness-shallowness ​introversion-extraversion ​conscientious-careless

introversion-extraversion

Priscilla is a psychologist. She is studying a group of people for their behaviors that make them unique. What will be the definition of the term "personality" on her paper on the study? The person's lively and bubbly demeanor under all conditions The person's tendency to act shyly in some situations and gregariously in other situations The person's reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives, and demeanor The person's behavioral characteristics that make one similar to their family members

person's reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another,

Skinner believed that the effects of _________ on behavior should be emphasized.​ ​reinforcement ​personal freedom ​choice ​self-direction

reinforcements

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.​ ​self-esteem ​self-actualization ​self-efficacy ​self-concept

self-actualization

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory? Social relationships Sexual development Rewards and punishment Self-actualization

social relationships and eight stages of growth.

Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.​ ​metaconscious, semiconscious, and catatonic ​postconscious, midconscious, and lateralconscious ​metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism ​conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' viewof personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a _____ temperament.​ ​sanguine ​phlegmatic ​choleric ​melancholic

​melancholic

The _________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.​ ​unconscious ​preconscious ​conscious ​metaconscious

​unconscious