Chapter 10- mental imagery
paired-associate learning
A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other word.
topographic map
A map that shows the surface features of an area.
mental scanning
A process of mental imagery in which a person scans a mental image in his or her mind.
propositional representation
A representation in which relationships are represented by symbols, as when the words of language represent objects and the relationships between objects.
spatial imagery refers
ability to image spatial relations- like a layout of a graden
mental chronometry
determining the amount of time needed to carry out a cognitive task
an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image
imagery neurons respond too
imagery occurs more automatically that perception
in drawing conclusions about the relationships between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that
it is harder to manipulate mental images that perceptual images
in drawing conclusions about the relationships between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that
symbolic code
is used for verbal information- representations are arbitrary
common coding theory
one form of representation that is common to all memories/knowledge-usually verbal
b. freedom
paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis- his work suggest which of the following would be most difficult to remember
perception-imagery equivalence:
perception and imagery share similar mechanism and processes
selective interference effect
simultaneously performing two verbal tasks impairs performance on each task - or two visual tasks - doing a verbal and visual task does not impair performance on each
epiphenomenon
something that accompanies the real mechanism but is not actually part of the mechanism
mental imagery
the ability to re-create the sensory world in the absense of physical stimuli
a spatial layout
the propostional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT
The perky effect
-asked to imagine an object while an image of it was projected - aspects of their mental image changed based on the actual image - evidence for shared functions between perception and imagery
imageless thought debate
The debate about whether thought is possible in the absence of images.
spatial representation
a representation in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations in space
propositional theory
a theory that all knowledge, including spatial knowledge, can be expressed in semantic-based propositions
object imagery refers
ability to image visual details, features, or objects- such as a rose bush
conceptual peg hypothesis
concrete words allow forming visual images that other words, items, etc. can "hang onto"
Paper Folding Test
designed to measure spatial imagery-- participants designed to measure spatial imagery. particpants saw a piece of paper being folded ans the peirced a hole in ti, the task was is to pick from five choices how the paper was going to look like unfolded
plays a casual role in both perception and imagery
kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex.
depictive representation
representations that are like realistic pictures of an object, so that parts of the representation correspond to parts of the object
imagery neurons
respond both to perceiving an object and imagining it
mental rotation
rotationally transforming an object's visual mental image
visual Imagery
seeing in the absense of a visual stimulus
pegword technique
use of familiar words or names as cues to recall items that have been associated with them
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
used TMS to investigate the connection between perception and imagery -TMS applied to the visual cortex during a perceptual task and an imagery task
analog code
used for visual imagery-- a representation that closely resembles the physical object
Dual coding theory
using both pictoral and verbal codes to represent information
small objects: activate the back of the visual cortex large objects: cause diffuse activation
when mapping the visual field of imagery- what happens to the brain with small objects and large objects.
