Chapter 10 personality
Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it?
Adler
Which of the following are the psychosexual stages as outlined by Freud?
Anal Oral Phallic
The pleasure principle is most closely tied to which of the following?
ID
Observational learning occurs when _____.
an individual learns the consequences of a response without experiencing the consequence directly
_______ genetics is the study of the inherited underpinnings of characteristics.
behavioral
The Oedipus complex is typically resolved by the child _____.
being sexually attracted to the opposite sex identifying as a member of one's own gender
At what age does the oral stage begin?
birth
Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated to achieve perfection, not find pleasure. His approach is known as _____ psychology.
individual
Many clinicians use Rorschach inkblots to try to understand all of the following EXCEPT
intelligence.
According to Freud, from about age 6 through puberty, children set aside interest in sexuality. Freud called this time the ________ period.
latency
Elijah often worries about his future. He almost always lies awake the night before a test concerned that he will fail. On the rare occasion that he does receive a grade that is lower than the one for which he hoped, he becomes depressed and irritable. His friends tease him that he takes everything far too seriously, or that he's going to have a nervous breakdown before he reaches 20. Based on this information and relying on the Five Factor Model, we can say that Elijah would be MOST likely to score high
neuroticism.
Pushing unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind is called _____.
repression
Which of the following is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being?
self-actualization
The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change.
self-efficacy
Bailey answers a series of questions about herself, ranging from her birth order to her attitudes about socializing. Which type of personality assessment method has Bailey completed?
self-report
Which approach to personality emphasizes the importance of observation and learning?
social cognitive approach
Horney insisted that Freud's hypotheses needed to be supported with observable data and argued that _____ on the development of personality should also be considered.
sociocultural influences
The element of the psyche that might make you feel guilty if you steal your little sister's allowance is your
superego
You know you are about to do something your parents would not approve of. In other words, your _____ is warning you that you are about to make a mistake.
superego
defense mechanisms
tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
ego
the Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality
superego
the Freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of the individual's behavior; what is often referred to as conscience
self-efficacy
the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change
face validity
the extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring
big five factors of personality
the five broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional instability)
Around what age does the anal stage begin?
18 months
Heritability estimates for the big five personality traits are around _____ percent.
50
Rorschach inkblot test
A famous projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality.
According to Freud, a fixation occurs when what happens?
A person becomes stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development.
subjective well-being
A person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and the individual's evaluation of his or her life in general.
projective test
A personality-assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it—to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality.
thematic apperception test
A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality.
rorschach inkblot test
A projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality.
empirically keyed test
A type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way.
According to Freud, the Oedipus complex is which of the following?
A young boy's desire to replace his father so he can enjoy his mother's affections
individual psychology
Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life
self-report test
Also called an objective test or an inventory, a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits.
According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, toddlers' (ages 18-36 months) erogenous zones are centered around which of the following?
Anus
Paolo came to the first day of class and set his notebook down on his desk. His classmates stared at him in disbelief as he opened his perfectly organized three-ring binder that already contained handwritten notes on the first chapter and highlighted images from the textbook. Paolo most likely scores high on which of the following personality traits?
Conscientiousness
When does the genital stage of psychosexual development occur, according to Freud?
From puberty through adulthood
Which of the following are problems with Freud's theory, as cited by modern critics?
He was unduly preoccupied with sexuality. He underestimated the importance of conscious thought. He did not give sufficient attention to sociocultural factors.
In psychoanalytic theory, the superego's job is to do which of the following?
Evaluate the morality of our behavior
An individual who thinks, "Sex is pleasurable, I want it," but also thinks "I feel guilty about having sex at all" is struggling with conflict between the _________ and the superego.
ID
The purpose of using repression is to push unacceptable _________ impulses back into the unconscious minds.
Id
What are an individual's unconscious drives and reservoir of sexual energy called?
Id
Which of the following are true of the psychoanalytic phallic stage of development?
It triggers the Oedipus complex. It typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age.
collective unconscious
Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past
Which of the following is NOT one of the psychosexual stages outlined by Freud?
Unconscious
personality
a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
reinforcement sensitivity theory
a theory proposed by Jeffrey Gray identifying two biological systems linked to learning associations between behaviors and rewards or punishers. The behavioral activation system is sensitive to learning about rewards. The behavioral inhibition system is sensitive to learning about punishers
Oedipus complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother
The ________ is who you are. The ________ is who you would like to become.
actual self; ideal self
Self-________ is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential.
actualization
While doing laundry, Michelle found several old receipts for hotel rooms, flowers, and expensive gifts in her husband's pants pockets. Michelle is still convinced that her husband is not having an affair. Which defense mechanism is Michelle using to minimize her anxiety?
denial
According to Freud, the must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego.
ego
According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ deals with reality.
ego
Freud felt that an individual might become stuck in a stage of psychosexual development if that person received too much or too little gratification during that stage. This is known as a(n) _____.
fixation
According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism includes all of the following EXCEPT
genetics
Freud's last stage of psychosexual development, which begins at puberty, is the _____ stage.
genital
Steffen took a personality test for his new job. The test report indicated that was likely to be "highly helpful with trying to assist clients in resolving issues, but may also express high levels of anxiety during tense client interactions." Which of the following personality trait profiles does Steffen likely have?
high agreeableness and high neuroticism
_____ believed that the need for security is the primary motive in human existence.
horney
Unconditional positive regard is
loving and respecting another person regardless of his or her thoughts or actions.
Freud's first stage of psychosexual development, beginning at birth, is the ________ stage.
oral
Social cognitive theory focuses on
our environment and our cognitive processes determine our behavior.
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
personality
_________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.
personality
Freud's third stage of psychosexual development, occurring from ages 3 to 6 years, is the _____ stage.
phallic
The id reflects the _______ principle.
pleasure
A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as inkblots or pictures, is considered a ______ test.
projective
A test that requires the interpretation of ambiguous images, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, is considered a ________ test.
projective
The _____ theory views personality as primarily unconscious.
psychodynamic
A man, unsure of his own sexuality, openly discriminates against homosexuals in his workplace. The man is using ________ to deal with his inner conflict.
reaction formation
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.
One factor that contributes to a person's tendency to believe a false personality profile is that
the personality analysis seems sophisticated.
conditions of worth
the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others
behavioral genetics
the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics
social cognitive perspectives
theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals
psychodynamic perspectives
theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness)
Freud thought that the human psyche is divided into
three parts.
The _____ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors.
trait
Compared to other approaches to personality, psychodynamic approaches put greater emphasis on __________ mental processes
unconscious
Defense mechanisms are an example of _____ processes.
unconscious
During the latency period, the child focuses on which of the following?
Nonsexual interests
_____, also called imitation or modeling, occurs when a person learns from watching and imitating another's behavior.
Observational learning
What does reciprocal determinism mean?
Person/cognitive factors, behavior, and the environment all interact to determine a person's personality.
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world is called what?
Personality
The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to which of the following?
Psychoanalytic theory
Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves how?
Repeatedly over time and in many different situations
unconditional positive regard
Rogers's construct referring to the individual's need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of his or her behavior.
Which theorist most strongly suggested that unconscious processes influence personality?
Sigmund Freud
Your friend went out to drink last night, even though he knew he should have stayed in and studied for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is causing the guilt he felt about it afterward?
Superego
humanistic perspectives
Theoretical views stressing a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities.
trait theories
Theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.
Which of the following is true of Freud's ideas?
They are not widely accepted today.
What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?
To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
