Chapter 10: Plate Tectonics and Regional Features

Island and seamount chains are formed by ___ and hot spot activity.

volcanic

Mid-ocean ridges are broad, symmetrical ridges that cross ___ basins.

ocean

A ______ zone is formed when one plate slides beneath another. Multiple choice question. transform subduction divergent conduction

subduction

steep slopes

uplift

Western Canada

Convergent margin collisions; thickened crust

Bhutan

Demonstrates a topographic profile that indicates faster uplift than erosion

Nepal

Demonstrates a topographic profile that reflects a near balance between uplift and erosion

Lithosphere

Formed by the crust and uppermost mantle; rigid layer

Which of the following characteristics are true for the lithosphere but not the asthenosphere? Multiple select question. Is a soft, weak solid Ranges from 80-150 km in thickness Averages 100 km (~60 mi) in thickness Contains the Greek word for "stone" in its name

-Averages 100 km (~60 mi) in thickness -Contains the Greek word for "stone" in its name

Scratch marks on some rocks indicate to geoscientists the direction that glaciers moved across the land. How did this finding renew interest in the idea of continental drift? Multiple choice question. The rate of glacial melting could be determined and showed the different ages of the continents. The regions exposed to glaciers were shown to have risen in elevation since the glaciers were present. The direction of the scratches correlates with an idea that there was a polar ice cap centered over a large, ancient continent 280 Ma.

The direction of the scratches correlates with an idea that there was a polar ice cap centered over a large, ancient continent 280 Ma

The coming together of two ocean plates forms an ocean-ocean convergent ___.

boundary

Internal processes such as plate tectonics can change the land's topography, which in turn ______, indicating an effect on external processes. Multiple choice question. changes the time period (i.e., date) in which weathering can begin changes the regional climate and the rate of weathering reverses and/or stops erosion

changes the regional climate and the rate of weathering

In regard to Earth's landscapes, internal processes tend to be ______, whereas external processes tend to be ______. Multiple choice question. constructive; destructive destructive; constructive

constructive; destructive

The Afar region in East Africa is an excellent example of a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. oceanic plateau because of its flat, low-lying topography continental hot spot because of its high elevation and high level of volcanic activity seamount that has risen above the ocean's surface, becoming colonized by land plants

continental hot spot because of its high elevation and high level of volcanic activity

The eastern and western margins of South America have ______ tectonic origins. Multiple choice question. different similar

different

A hypsometric curve plots ______. Multiple choice question. elevation versus the percentage of land or seafloor that is above that elevation (or depth) sea level changes over time the age of seafloor sediment against its physical location, to determine rate of seafloor expansion

elevation versus the percentage of land or seafloor that is above that elevation (or depth)

A hypsometric curve plots ______. Multiple choice question. sea level changes over time the age of seafloor sediment against its physical location, to determine rate of seafloor expansion elevation versus the percentage of land or seafloor that is above that elevation (or depth)

elevation versus the percentage of land or seafloor that is above that elevation (or depth)

Mountains contain deeply formed rocks that become exposed as a result of ___, which weathers and transports materials from a mountain belt, revealing the rocks underneath the surface. Additionally, as a result of this loss of surface weight, a buoyant uplift of the crust called ___ rebound may occur that can further expose the rocks.

erosion; isostatic

Flattened slopes

high levels of erosion

The interplay of ______ processes creates all of Earth's landscapes. Multiple choice question. erosion and deposition internal and external atmospheric and hydrospheric

internal and external

When two oceanic plates converge, some magma erupts under the ocean, forming volcanoes that may rise above the sea. These volcanoes form a curved ______. Multiple choice question. reef line of calderas island arc sequence of magma chambers

island arc

The process of plate tectonics circulates materials between the asthenosphere and the ___.

lithosphere

Mid-ocean ridges are ______. Multiple select question. located at divergent plate boundaries considered spreading centers areas where one plate is sliding underneath another plate located at convergent plate boundaries

located at divergent plate boundaries considered spreading centers

Continents commonly feature a central region ______. Multiple choice question. of unweathered lava flows surrounded by large volcanic rock regions of older igneous and metamorphic rock surrounded by a relatively thin veneer of younger, nearly flat-lying sedimentary layers with the highest elevation, and the land's surface descends gradually downward from that point, in all directions, until it reaches the sea

of older igneous and metamorphic rock surrounded by a relatively thin veneer of younger, nearly flat-lying sedimentary layers

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and lasers are used to directly measure the motion and direction of tectonic ___ on Earth.

plates

For a plate to move, the driving forces must exceed the ___ forces.

resisting, opposite, opposing, frictional

These underwater features that extend to the northwest of Hawaii are ______. Multiple choice question. seamounts island chains islands

seamounts

A ___ zone causes a plate to dip under western South America, bringing oceanic lithosphere beneath the continent and causing large earthquakes.

subduction

A ______ is a piece of exotic crust added to a continent. Multiple choice question. tectonic terrane collision mass fault fragment

tectonic terrane

True or false: Plate movements can open or close ocean channels, thereby influencing ocean currents and the rate of external processes.

true

______ can affect regional climates and the rates of external processes by altering a region's elevation, temperature, wind flow, and precipitation frequency. Multiple choice question. Erosion Plate movements Sediment composition

Plate movements

Oceanic Crust

Averages 7 km (4 mi) thick

Volcanic Island Clump

Galapagos

East African Rift

Magmatic heating of the crust, thinning of the lithosphere, mantle upwelling

Asthenosphere

Part of the upper mantle; able to flow under pressure

140 Ma

South America partially joined to the supercontinent called Gondwana

Volcanoes and earthquakes ______. Multiple choice question. have few areas of overlap in their distributions on Earth have many areas of overlap in their distributions on Earth have no areas of overlap in their distributions on Earth

have many areas of overlap in their distributions on Earth

The Pacific Ring of Fire is formed by ______. Multiple choice question. island arcs volcanoes a string of seamounts earthquakes

volcanoes

rodinia

Antarctica (A)

Which areas on the map are high in elevation due to some type of tectonic collisions (continental collisions and/or subduction zones)? Multiple select question. C A B E D

C A B D

Which of the following are examples of oceanic plateaus? Multiple select question. Kerguelen Hawaii Galápagos Tahiti Ontong Java

Kerguelen Ontong Java

Great Divide Range in Eastern Australia

No plate boundary currently there; geologist

Laurasia

North America + Parts of Europe and Asia (C)

Pangaea

North America + South America + Africa (B)

Laurasia

North America, Europe, and Asia were joined in the Northern Hemisphere; it existed from about 250 Ma to about 150 Ma.

Today

South America moving west, as a result of seafloor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; the Atlantic Ocean at its greatest size of all three time periods listed

Yellowstone National Park marks the present location of ______, and the Basin and Range Province of Utah and Nevada represents a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. a broad continental rift; active hotspot where volcanoes are active and increasing in elevation the most ancient North American sediments; area where sediments were first pushed out of the ocean, forming the first exposed parts of North America a hot spot; continental rift with alternating valleys and mountains, resulting from faults that uplifted some blocks of crust but downdropped others

a hot spot; continental rift with alternating valleys and mountains, resulting from faults that uplifted some blocks of crust but downdropped others

When two continental masses converge, it is a continental ___.

collision

Mid-ocean ridges are ______. Multiple select question. located at convergent plate boundaries considered spreading centers located at divergent plate boundaries areas where one plate is sliding underneath another plate

considered spreading centers located at divergent plate boundaries

Hot spot evolution may begin with ______ and end with ______. Multiple choice question. doming; the formation of a new continental margin and a new ocean formed by seafloor spreading a plate collision; the growing of large volcanoes that erupt and deposit magma on the land surface seafloor spreading; the rise of seamounts and eventual creation of islands

doming; the formation of a new continental margin and a new ocean formed by seafloor spreading

Rodinia

All the continents were joined; it existed from about 1.1 Ba to about 600 Ma.

The yearly rate of tectonic plate movement is best measured in ______. Multiple choice question. centimeters meters kilometers

centimeters

___ patterns develop on the seafloor as iron-rich minerals in newly erupted basaltic lava align with Earth's magnetic poles.

Magnetic, striped, stripe

Which of the following statements best represents how isostasy can explain the differences in regional elevation? Multiple choice question. -The mantle is pliable and bulges in areas, causing the crust to rise and crack. -The crust floats on the solid mantle, with most of the crustal thickness occurring at depth and less occurring near the surface. -Like ripples in a pond, crustal elevations rise and fall as the mantle bends and flexes underneath it.

The crust floats on the solid mantle, with most of the crustal thickness occurring at depth and less occurring near the surface.

If a large region of the seafloor rises a kilometer or more above its surroundings, this region is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. volcano seamount oceanic plateau

oceanic plateau

Geologists use magnetometers to measure the ______. Multiple choice question. isotopic age of a rock paleomagnetism in rocks relative age of a fossil

paleomagnetism in rocks

Volcanoes that extend from the southwestern Pacific Ocean, through the Philippine Islands, Japan, and Alaska, then down the western coasts of the Americas, form the Pacific ___ of Fire.

ring

Abyssal plains are the relatively smooth surfaces found on the ___ floor.

sea or ocean

Mountains beneath the ocean that do not reach the surface are called ___. They may be worn-down islands or may be formations that never have been tall enough to break the water's surface.

seamounts or guyots

The process of one tectonic plate sliding beneath another plate is called ______. Multiple choice question. conduction convergence transformation divergence subduction

subduction

The process of one tectonic plate sliding beneath another plate is called ______. Multiple choice question. conduction transformation convergence subduction divergence

subduction

The ___ of Earth is notable for many geologic features such as beautiful valleys, intricate coastlines, and deep ocean trenches.

surface or exterior

Processes that deform Earth's crust are collectively known as ___.

tectonics

A rounded outcrop in South Africa has a polished and scratched surface, indicating ______. This finding brought renewed interest to the idea of continental drift. Multiple choice question. that a glacier once occurred there, despite the fact that it is currently a fairly warm and dry region without any glaciers ocean sea level once reached there despite the fact that it is well above sea level today a lake once covered the outcrop despite the fact that is a dry landscape today

that a glacier once occurred there, despite the fact that it is currently a fairly warm and dry region without any glaciers

Island Chain

Tahiti and Hawaii

According to plate tectonics, oceanic crust forms from upwelling magma that spreads outward from a mid-ocean ridge. Which of the following statements support this? Multiple select question. The oldest basalt should be the farthest from the mid-ocean ridge. The thickest sediment cover should be on the mid-ocean ridge. The oldest basalt should be at the mid-ocean ridge. The thickest sediment cover should be farthest from the mid-ocean ridge.

The oldest basalt should be the farthest from the mid-ocean ridge. The thickest sediment cover should be farthest from the mid-ocean ridge.

When two oceanic plates converge, a curved belt of volcanic islands called an island ___ results from the magma that is created and erupted on the ocean floor.

arc

The surface of Earth is notable for many geologic features, including ______. Multiple select question. dramatic mountains undersea trenches beautiful valleys intricate coastlines magma chambers

dramatic mountains undersea trenches beautiful valleys intricate coastlines

The two key characteristics that island and seamount chains have in common are that they are formed by volcanism and they are located at or near ______. Multiple choice question. continents from which they broke off as a result of seismic activity oceanic plateaus hot spots

hot spots

Oceanic plates subduct beneath continental plates when the two plates converge because ______. Multiple choice question. oceanic plates are more dense and continental plates are more buoyant oceanic plates are more buoyant and continental plates are more dense

oceanic plates are more dense and continental plates are more buoyant

___ cover about 70% of Earth's surface.

oceans

The primary factor controlling the elevation of a region is the ______. Multiple choice question. composition of the regional mantle layer thickness of the underlying crust distance from the plate margin

thickness of the underlying crust

A triple junction is a place ______. Multiple choice question. along a mid-ocean ridge with three volcanoes where three plate boundaries meet where three mountain ranges meet

where three plate boundaries meet

The zigzag pattern of mid-ocean ridges reflects the alternation of the spreading segments with ___ faults.

transform

Three ways that plate tectonics can affect external processes include ______. (Select three.) Multiple select question. the release of ash and gas from volcanoes that leads to regional or global cooling creating mountains that change elevations and influence precipitation cycles, which in turn impact the rates of weathering and erosion controlling the number of meteorites that hit Earth displacing water from the ocean basins, flooding the lower elevations of continents, and changing local climates

-the release of ash and gas from volcanoes that leads to regional or global cooling -creating mountains that change elevations and influence precipitation cycles, which in turn impact the rates of weathering and erosion -displacing water from the ocean basins, flooding the lower elevations of continents, and changing local climates

Rank the following in chronological order, starting with early mountain building at the top, to show how deeply formed rocks are exposed in eroded mountain belts.

1. As a mountain belt forms, uplift is faster than erosion, and the mountain grows. 2. Weathering and erosion begin down the mountain as uplift slows 3. As erosion continues, less weight holds down the crustal root, and isostatic rebound causes uplift. 4. Continuing erosion and isostasy cause rocks deep in the crust to be uplifted and exposed at the surface.

Which of the following seafloor features is found adjacent to South America's western coast? Multiple choice question. A seamount chain An island cluster A deep ocean trench

A deep ocean trench

Andes

Above a subduction zone; magmatic additions and crustal thickening

Gondwana

Africa + South America (D)

100 Ma

Africa and South America Completely separate

Which of the following statements is true regarding the geometry of the South American plate, related to its neighbors? Multiple choice question. The South American plate is subducting under the African plate at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the South American plate is getting wider, as is the African plate, as a result of seafloor spreading. A seafloor spreading zone occurs along the western edge of South America, expanding the plate farther west.

At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the South American plate is getting wider, as is the African plate, as a result of seafloor spreading.

North America's continental shield of very old crystalline rock is primarily underneath ______ and is named after this region. Multiple choice question. Georgia Canada Texas Kansas

Canada

Which of the following is true regarding regional elevations across North America? Multiple choice question. Elevations are highest in the Appalachian Mountains. Elevations tend to be higher toward the west and decrease toward the east. Elevations are lowest in the Great Plains. Elevations do not change when progressing from west to east.

Elevations tend to be higher toward the west and decrease toward the east.

______ evolution begins with doming and ends with the formation of a new continental margin and a new ocean formed by seafloor spreading. Multiple choice question. Continental plate Volcano Seamount Hot spot

Hot spot

About 140 Ma, a continental rift developed that ______. Multiple choice question. began splitting South America away from the rest of Gondwana brought the South American plate closer to the African plate than it is today broke the South American plate into two large pieces that were later reconnected to form the South American continent we are familiar with today

began splitting South America away from the rest of Gondwana

North America's central region contains a ______ made up of ______. Multiple choice question. prehistoric lagoon; beach sands such as silicates continental shield; crystalline rocks cooled magma flow; volcanic rocks

continental shield; crystalline rocks

One way to compare continents to the rest of Earth's land and seafloor is to use a ___ curve, which plots elevation versus the percentage of land or seafloor that is above that elevation (or depth).

hypsometric

The western margin of South America is ______, whereas the eastern margin ______, which reflects the different plate boundaries that surround the continent. Multiple choice question. is mountainous; has much less relief dotted with plateaus; contains some of the highest mountain ranges in the world flat and gently sloping; mountainous

is mountainous; has much less relief

The process depicted in the image is showing the formation of a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. oceanic plateau island volcano

oceanic plateau

Horizontal movements between plates occur at ______ faults. Multiple choice question. divergent transform subduction

transform

The place where three plate boundaries meet is referred to as a ___ junction.

triple

The surface of Earth is notable for many geologic features, including ______. Multiple select question. undersea trenches beautiful valleys magma chambers dramatic mountains intricate coastlines

undersea trenches beautiful valleys dramatic mountains intricate coastlines

Plates move ______ per year. Multiple choice question. 1 to 15 cm more than 15 cm less than 1 cm

1 to 15 cm

Which of the following are characteristics of slab pull? Multiple select question. Subducting oceanic lithosphere is less dense than asthenosphere. The heat of the asthenosphere melts the lithospheric slab. Gravity is a major force in slab pull. Subducting oceanic lithosphere is denser than asthenosphere. Subducting plates move faster than nonsubducting plates.

Gravity is a major force in slab pull. Subducting oceanic lithosphere is denser than asthenosphere. Subducting plates move faster than nonsubducting plates.

Which tools do we use to directly measure plate motion? Multiple select question. Drilling machines Large magnets Lasers Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites

Lasers Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites

Divergent Boundary

Occurs where two plates move apart relative to one another

Transform Boundary

Occurs where two plates move horizontally past one another

Convergent Boundary

Occurs where two plates move toward one another

Crust

The outermost layer of Earth

What specific type of plate boundary is commonly found in conjunction with mid-ocean ridges, as it works to offset spreading and plate divergence?

Transform

A passive margin is ______. Multiple choice question. a location where two continental plates pass one another without creating friction a continental edge that lacks tectonic activity another name for a convergent boundary

a continental edge that lacks tectonic activity

Match the tectonic setting with the description of how that setting forms regional mountain belts.

a. asthenoshpere moves upwards b. Crust is thickened by subduction zone c. Crustal thickness increases as

Regions of the deep ocean characterized by a smooth ocean floor are called ______. Multiple choice question. ocean bottoms seamounts abyssal plains

abyssal plains

The majority of transform boundaries are located ______. Multiple choice question. along continental margins in the middle of continents within island arcs in conjunction with mid-ocean ridges

in conjunction with mid-ocean ridges

Magnetic patterns develop on the seafloor, as basaltic lava erupts and cools, and ______. Multiple choice question. silicate minerals align with Earth's magnetic field iron-rich minerals align parallel to the nearest oceanic rift iron-rich minerals align with Earth's magnetic field

iron-rich minerals align with Earth's magnetic field

Geologists use a ___ to measure the magnetic field strength preserved in a rock.

magnetometer

Which of the following layers produces Earth's magnetic field? Multiple choice question. Mantle Crust Outer core Inner core

outer core

Convectional currents in the ___ core produce Earth's magnetic field.

outer, liquid

A(n) ___ margin is a continental edge that lacks tectonic activity.

passive

Slab pull involves ______. Multiple choice question. subducting mantle transform boundaries of lithospheric plates divergent boundaries of lithospheric plates subducting lithosphere

subducting lithosphere

Which of the following were used by Alfred Wegener to support his hypothesis of continental drift? Multiple select question. -Earth's centrifugal force measurements correlate with the distance the continents are thought to have moved over the last several million years. -Similar fossils of animals and plants, which existed over 150 million years ago, are present on several continents that are now divided by an ocean. -Similar rocks and geologic structures exist in South America, Africa, and Antarctica. -Several continental landmasses seem to fit together like puzzle pieces. -Surveys of the seafloor showed that a land bridge once existed between South America and Australia. -Glacial evidence exists in places that are now close to the equator, and the direction of glacial movement indicates the continents were once joined.

-Similar fossils of animals and plants, which existed over 150 million years ago, are present on several continents that are now divided by an ocean. -Similar rocks and geologic structures exist in South America, Africa, and Antarctica. -Several continental landmasses seem to fit together like puzzle pieces. -Glacial evidence exists in places that are now close to the equator, and the direction of glacial movement indicates the continents were once joined.

Place the layers of Earth in order, beginning with the layer with the highest elevation at the top and ending with the layer making up the center of Earth at the bottom. -Lower Mantle -Oceanic Crust -Inner Core -Outer Core -Upper Mantle -Continental Crust

1. Continental Crust 2. Oceanic Crust 3. Upper Mantle 4. Lower Mantle 5. Outer Core 6. Inner Core

Rank the following features (and descriptions) in order of encounter, if on a hypothetical trip from the west coast (at the top) to the east coast of North America (at the bottom).

1. Sierra Nevada Mountains: moderate to high elevation 2. Basin and Range: moderately high elevation, largely due to very thin lithosphere 3. Colorado Rockies: Compression and shortening of the North American plate 4. Great Plains: elevation decreases toward the eat, as lithosphere gets cooler and thicker 5. Appalachian Mountains: ancient collision of North America and Africa where elevation was lessened over time by erosion

Oceans cover approximately ______% of Earth's surface. Multiple choice question. 1 28 70

70

______ occurs when two continental masses converge. Multiple choice question. A divergent collision Subduction Conduction A continental collision

A continental collision

Pangaea

All the continents were joined; it existed from about 250 Ma to about 200 Ma

Carefully examine the figure. Where are earthquakes most likely to occur? Multiple select question. Along continent edges In the center parts of continents In abyssal plains Along mid-ocean ridges

Along continent edges Along mid-ocean ridges

Gondwana

Antarctica, Australia, South America, and Africa were joined together in the Southern Hemisphere; it existed from nearly 600 Ma to about 150 Ma.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mid-ocean divergent plate boundary? Multiple choice question. A rift runs along the axis of mid-ocean ridges because of movement as the plates diverge from each other. As the plates move apart, solid mantle from the lithosphere moves upward into the gap. Mid-ocean ridges are elevated above the surrounding seafloor. Submarine lava flows form new oceanic crust.

As the plates move apart, solid mantle from the lithosphere moves upward into the gap.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mid-ocean divergent plate boundary? Multiple choice question. Submarine lava flows form new oceanic crust. Mid-ocean ridges are elevated above the surrounding seafloor. As the plates move apart, solid mantle from the lithosphere moves upward into the gap. A rift runs along the axis of mid-ocean ridges because of movement as the plates diverge from each other.

As the plates move apart, solid mantle from the lithosphere moves upward into the gap.

Continental Crust

Averages 35 to 40 km (20 to 25 mi) thick

Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya

Continental collision of India and Asia

Which of the following are tectonic settings in which regional mountain belts form? Multiple select question. Continental collisions Mantle upwellings Seamounts Passive continental margins Subduction zones

Continental collisions Mantle upwellings Subduction zones

Which of the following represents fossil data from Antarctica that support continental drift and the suggestion that this continent once was much farther away from the South Pole than it is today? Multiple choice question. Coal beds have been found in Antarctica. Fossilized desert cactus species, dating to the Paleozoic Era, have been found in Antarctica. Fossilized coconuts have been found buried in the ice sheets of Antarctica.

Coal beds have been found in Antarctica

Alps

Collisions between Europe and smaller continental blocks from the south

Using the diagram of figures, select the names of the plate boundaries that match the figures going left to right. Multiple choice question. Transform/divergent/convergent Divergent/transform/convergent Transform/convergent/divergent Convergent/transform/divergent Divergent/convergent/transform Convergent/divergent/transform

Divergent/convergent/transform

Which of the following is true regarding regional elevations across North America? Multiple choice question. Elevations tend to be higher toward the west and decrease toward the east. Elevations are lowest in the Great Plains. Elevations do not change when progressing from west to east. Elevations are highest in the Appalachian Mountains.

Elevations tend to be higher toward the west and decrease toward the east.

Which of the following are characteristics of continental hots spots? Multiple select question. Exhibit continental rifting Have a lack of tectonic activity Marked by high elevations Have abundant volcanism Found in areas of plate convergence

Exhibit continental rifting Marked by high elevations Have abundant volcanism

Which of the following is not a characteristic of continental hot spots? Multiple choice question. Exhibit continental rifting Indicative of areas of plate divergence Have abundant volcanism Have low elevations

Have low elevations

______ can affect regional climates and the rates of external processes by altering a region's elevation, temperature, wind flow, and precipitation frequency. Multiple choice question. Erosion Sediment composition Plate movements

Plate movements

A tectonic terrane is ______. Multiple choice question. another name for a subducted plate a piece of exotic crust added to a continent a land area with a cluster of hot spots

a piece of exotic crust added to a continent

Which of the following types of fossil evidence was used by Alfred Wegener to support continental drift? Multiple choice question. Eggs of a prehistoric sea turtle species have been discovered on South America's southern tip and in Antarctica. A reptile named Mesosaurus, which lived more than 150 million years ago, was found in both South America and Africa. Fossils of an extinct flower, whose pollen was found capable of traveling great distances on the wind, was found in South America and Africa.

A reptile named Mesosaurus, which lived more than 150 million years ago, was found in both South America and Africa.

Mantle

Earth's most voluminous layer

What geologic processes are involved in tectonics? Multiple select question. Wave action Earthquakes Volcanoes Stream runoff Mountain building

Earthquakes Volcanoes Mountain building

______ is a condition of equilibrium, similar to floating, whereby Earth's crust rests on top of the solid mantle, with thicker crustal areas having a higher elevation than thinner areas. Multiple choice question. Isostasy Lithospheric lift Crustal balance

Isostasy

Oceanic Plateau

Kreguelen and Ontong Java

Which of the following statements are accurate about volcano distributions on Earth? Multiple select question. Volcanoes never occur in the interior of continents. Volcanoes cannot occur in the ocean. Many volcanoes along the edge of the Pacific Ocean are associated with earthquakes. There is a large volcanic belt along the west coasts of North and South America. Volcanoes occur along mid-ocean ridges.

Many volcanoes along the edge of the Pacific Ocean are associated with earthquakes. There is a large volcanic belt along the west coasts of North and South America. Volcanoes occur along mid-ocean ridges.

The puzzle-like fit of the continents, similarity of rock types across continents, and glacial evidence were all used to support Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift. What other piece of evidence did Wegener use to support continental drift? Multiple choice question. The gravitational pull of the Moon was found to be responsible for connecting Pangaea. Continents were found to have plowed through ocean basins to move into current positions. Similar fossils are distributed across multiple continents. Land bridges were discovered connecting Africa and South America.

Similar fossils are distributed across multiple continents.

Select the statement that best describes how the process of plate tectonics circulates materials between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere. Multiple choice question. Asthenospheric materials never mix with those that form the lithosphere, but in each layer the materials circulate and pass through several stages. Some asthenosphere becomes lithosphere at mid-ocean spreading centers and reenters the asthenosphere at subduction zones. Some lithosphere becomes asthenosphere at mid-ocean spreading centers and reenters the lithosphere at subduction zones.

Some asthenosphere becomes lithosphere at mid-ocean spreading centers and reenters the asthenosphere at subduction zones.

Which of the following statements best represents how isostasy can explain the differences in regional elevation? Multiple choice question. The crust floats on the solid mantle, with most of the crustal thickness occurring at depth and less occurring near the surface. The mantle is pliable and bulges in areas, causing the crust to rise and crack. Like ripples in a pond, crustal elevations rise and fall as the mantle bends and flexes underneath it.

The crust floats on the solid mantle, with most of the crustal thickness occurring at depth and less occurring near the surface.

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between driving and resisting forces with respect to plate tectonics? Multiple choice question. The driving forces must exceed the resisting forces in order to move the plate. The resisting forces must exceed gravitational forces in order to move the plate. The resisting and driving forces must be equal in order for the plate to move.

The driving forces must exceed the resisting forces in order to move the plate.

How does plate tectonics explain the distribution of tectonic activity? Multiple choice question. Each plate has its own level of magnetic pull, either attracting or repelling the nearby plates. The large plates move toward, away, or by one another, deforming the crust and mantle and leading to tectonic activity such as earthquakes. Each plate floats on different ocean currents, some of which flow in a circular pattern, and this can result in one plate being driven into another.

The large plates move toward, away, or by one another, deforming the crust and mantle and leading to tectonic activity such as earthquakes.

When two ocean plates come together, an ocean-ocean ______ boundary forms. Multiple choice question. transform convergent divergent

convergent

The zigzag pattern of mid-ocean ridges reflects the ______. Multiple choice question. alternation of the diverging segments of the divergent faults alternation of the spreading segments with transform faults alternation of the converging segments with convergent faults

alternation of the spreading segments with transform faults

Earthquakes are more common ______ and along the edges of continents. Multiple choice question. on the equator at mid-ocean ridges on abyssal plains

at mid-ocean ridges

Intense tectonic activity is concentrated at plate ______. Multiple choice question. centers because this is the weakest part of each plate peaks because the highest elevation points represent zones where magma is most likely to reach the surface boundaries because the large plates move toward, away, or by one another, deforming the crust and mantle

boundaries because the large plates move toward, away, or by one another, deforming the crust and mantle

A divergent boundary that forms within a continent can form a(n) ___ rift; large crustal blocks drop down along faults as the crust splits apart.

continental

A ______ can form from a divergent boundary that forms within a continent. Multiple choice question. plate tectonic continental shelf mid-continent ridge continental edge continental rift

continental rift

Earth's ___ crust is thicker than its ___ crust.

continental, oceanic

The primary factor controlling the ___ of a region is the thickness of the underlying crust.

elevation

Core

found at the Earth's center

The image of some of the combined southern continents shows a supercontinent called ______. Multiple choice question. Wegenerland Gondwana Atlantis

gondwana

Volcanoes and earthquakes ______. Multiple choice question. have few areas of overlap in their distributions on Earth have no areas of overlap in their distributions on Earth have many areas of overlap in their distributions on Earth

have many areas of overlap in their distributions on Earth

The type of plate movement that occurs at transform faults is ______ another. Multiple choice question. vertical movement of one tectonic plate over horizontal movement of one tectonic plate past diagonal movement of one tectonic plate away from

horizontal movement of one tectonic plate past

When two oceanic plates converge, some magma erupts under the ocean, forming volcanoes that may rise above the sea. These volcanoes form a curved ______. Multiple choice question. island arc sequence of magma chambers line of calderas reef

island arc

Broad, symmetrical ridges that cross ocean basins are called ______. Multiple choice question. abyssal plains island chains mid-ocean ridges seamounts

mid-ocean ridges

Along convergent boundaries, ______ are common, and along divergent or transform boundaries, ______ are common. Multiple choice question. volcanoes; mountain belts mountain belts; mid-ocean ridges mid-ocean ridges; earthquakes

mountain belts; mid-ocean ridges

Along the boundary of an oceanic-continental convergence, ______. Multiple choice question. the continental plate subducts beneath the oceanic plate the oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate

the oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate

Gondwana is a ______. Multiple choice question. major landmass that became submerged under the ocean, only to reemerge in the last 1 million years theoretical supercontinent comprised of the major Southern Hemisphere continents known today and India process of continental movement that was described by Alfred Wegener

theoretical supercontinent comprised of the major Southern Hemisphere continents known today and India