Chapter 10
110) The detection of sweet by taste receptors occurs via the binding of organic molecules to receptors 110) on the cell membrane activating ________ that ultimately causes a ________. A) transducin : potassium channel to open B) transducin : sodium channel to close C) Golf : potassium channel to close D) gustducin : sodium channel to close E) gustducin : potassium channel to close
E) gustducin : potassium channel to close
23) What is a condition where light, originating from a close-up source, is focused behind the retina? 23) A) myopia B) neurotropia C) emmetropia D) presbyopia E) hyperopia
E) hyperopia
81) The gate-control theory of pain modulation states that 81) A) pain sensation must be modified within the sensory receptors. B) painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain. C) the signal that modifies pain sensation in the spinal cord must originate from the nucleus raphe magnus. D) C fibers themselves can act to modify their own pain signal. E) non-painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain.
E) non-painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain.
17) Which sensory system does NOT need to transmit information through the thalamus to reach the 17) cortex? A) somatosensory systems B) hearing C) vestibular/equilibrium D) taste E) olfaction
E) olfaction
46) Light striking what region of the retina is not detected by photoreceptors? 46) A) ciliary muscles B) zonular fibers C) cornea D) pupil E) optic disk
E) optic disk
131) What is the adequate stimulus for nociceptors? 131) A) warmth B) cold C) touch D) change in muscle length E) pain
E) pain
150) Which type of nociceptor is associated with C fibers? 150) A) two-point tactile B) slow mechanical C) rapid warm D) rapid cold E) polymodal nociceptors
E) polymodal nociceptors
25) Slow pain is mediated by what type of nociceptor? 25) A) Ruffini's free endings B) A-gamma fibers C) Merkel's disk D) A-delta fibers E) polymodal nociceptors
E) polymodal nociceptors
15) What is a region of skin that, when activated, will result in the change of activity within a particular 15) afferent neuron? A) neuronal fields B) second-order neurons C) motor units D) labeled lines E) receptive fields
E) receptive fields
99) Which of the following is NOT a function of TRP channels? 99) A) warm transduction B) cold transduction C) respond to painfully hot stimuli D) respond to painfully hot chemicals E) respond to painful mechanical stimulation
E) respond to painful mechanical stimulation
141) What structure is comprised of neural tissue that includes bipolar cells? 141) A) pupil B) ciliary muscles C) cornea D) zonular fibers E) retina
E) retina
95) Which of the following is the most abundant in the retina? 95) A) S cones B) L cones C) ganglionic cells D) M cones E) rods
E) rods
89) The posterior portion of the semicircular canal detects acceleration in which direction? 89) A) moving the head up and down as in saying "yes" B) linear acceleration in the forward and backward directions C) linear acceleration in the up and down directions D) rotating the head as in saying "no" E) rotation of the head from side to side, as in moving the ear toward the shoulder
E) rotation of the head from side to side, as in moving the ear toward the shoulder
35) In which chamber(s) of the cochlea is endolymph found? 35) A) scala tympani B) scala vestibule C) saccule D) utricle E) scala media
E) scala media
11) What is the tough connective tissue that makes up the "white" of the eye called? 11) A) pupil B) zonular fibers C) cornea D) ciliary muscles E) sclera
E) sclera
103) A ________ refers to a single afferent neuron and all of the sensory receptors associated with that 103) neuron. A) second-order neuron B) motor unit C) neuronal field D) receptive unit E) sensory unit
E) sensory unit
173) Where does the spinothalamic tract cross over to the opposite side? 173) A) brainstem B) frontal lobe C) thalamus D) parietal lobe E) spinal cord
E) spinal cord
144) Tips of stereocilia for sound are embedded in what structure? 144) A) utricle B) cochlea C) organ of Corti D) basilar membrane E) tectorial membrane
E) tectorial membrane
31) Which of the following is the most accurate definition of perception? 31) A) the detection of the various energy forms in the environment by sensory receptors B) the processing of visual stimuli by the brain to give an accurate representation of the view of the world C) the detection of stimuli in the internal environment by visceral receptors D) the detection of stimuli in the external environment by sensory receptors E) the conscious interpretation of the world around us
E) the conscious interpretation of the world around
82) What structure detects linear acceleration? A) basilar membrane B) semicircular canals C) cochlea D) ampulla E) utricle
E) utricle
125) Which receptor type is used to detect increases in temperature between 30°C and 43°C? 125) A) osmoreceptors B) chemoreceptors C) cold receptors D) mechanical nociceptors E) warm receptors
E) warm receptors
91) Which of the following statements about hair cells in the ear is FALSE? 91) A) Both the hair cells for hearing and those for equilibrium are depolarized when bent toward the kinocilium. B) When potassium channels in hair cells open, potassium ions move into the cell, depolarizing it. C) There are three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells. D) Only the inner hair cells of the cochlea function directly in sound transduction. E) Hair cells are surrounded by endolymph.
A) Both the hair cells for hearing and those for equilibrium are depolarized when bent toward the kinocilium.
112) In Figure 10.2, what are the structures, in order from 1 to 5? 112) A) malleus, tympanic membrane, round window, cochlea, eustachian tube B) malleus, basilar membrane, round window, ampulla, helicotrema C) incus, round window, oval window, cochlea, external acoustic meatus D) tympanic membrane, malleus, oval window, semicircular canal, eustachian tube E) incus, tectorial membrane, oval window, saccule, helicotrem
A) malleus, tympanic membrane, round window, cochlea, eustachian tube
84) What molecules within the mucus of the olfactory epithelium carry odorants to the receptor on the 84) cilia? A) olfactory binding proteins B) cAMP C) hydrophilic D) sustentacular proteins E) Golf
A) olfactory binding proteins
96) The presence of cGMP in the cytosol of a photoreceptor will directly stimulate the 96) A) opening of sodium channels. B) closure of potassium channels. C) opening of potassium channels. D) opening of calcium channels. E) closure of sodium channels.
A) opening of sodium channels.
135) Which of the following structures sits on the basilar membrane and contains the hair cells for 135) sound? A) organ of Corti B) tectorial membrane C) basilar membrane D) tympanic membrane E) helicotrema
A) organ of Corti
87) Which receptor type is used to detect swelling of receptor cells? A) osmoreceptors B) chemoreceptors C) mechanical nociceptors D) baroreceptors E) hair cells in semicircular canals
A) osmoreceptors
169) The circular muscles of the iris are innervated by the ________ nervous system and their 169) contraction causes pupillary ________. A) parasympathetic : constriction B) somatic : constriction C) parasympathetic : dilation D) sympathetic : dilation E) sympathetic : constriction
A) parasympathetic : constriction
58) What is the location of the gustatory cortex? 58) A) parietal lobe B) temporal lobe C) brainstem D) occipital lobe E) frontal lobe
A) parietal lobe
54) What is a person's conscious interpretation of the external environment called? 54) A) perception B) modality C) transduction D) appropriation E) adequate stimulus
A) perception
152) What category of structures includes the rods and cones? 152) A) photoreceptors B) cornea C) fovea D) retina E) retinal pigmented epithelium
A) photoreceptors
101) In the visual system, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes which of the 101) following? A) pupillary constriction and an increase in the refractive power of the lens B) pupillary constriction and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens C) pupillary dilation and an increase in the refractive power of the lens D) pupillary dilation and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens E) pupillary dilation and no effect on the refractive power of the lens
A) pupillary constriction and an increase in the refractive power of the lens
88) The neural pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex is called the optic 88) A) radiations. B) chiasm. C) tract. D) nerve. E) fasciculus.
A) radiations.
140) The light-absorbing portion of the photopigment is ________; its sensitivity to a particular 140) wavelength of light is altered by ________. A) retinal : opsin B) transducin : phosphodiesterase C) opsin : retinal D) phosphodiesterase : transducin E) opsin : transducin
A) retinal : opsin
65) What is the pigmented structure that absorbs light waves? 65) A) retinal pigmented epithelium B) retina C) fovea D) iris E) cornea
A) retinal pigmented epithelium
5) Where is the auditory cortex found? 5) A) temporal lobe B) frontal lobe C) parietal lobe D) occipital lobe E) brainstem
A) temporal lobe
20) Proprioceptors provide the body with continuous information that changes little as a particular 20) joint angle is maintained, and are therefore an example of ________ receptors. A) tonic or slowly adapting B) series C) clonic D) phasic E) parallel
A) tonic or slowly adapting
51) A person has damage to the right dorsal columns of the spinal cord at the thoracic level. This 51) person would have impaired A) touch sensation of the right leg. B) temperature sensation of the right arm and leg. C) temperature sensation of the left leg. D) touch sensation of the left leg. E) temperature sensation of the right leg.
A) touch sensation of the right leg.
34) What is the mechanism by which receptors convert stimulus energies into changes in membrane 34) potential? A) transduction B) appropriation C) modality D) perception E) adequate stimulus
A) transduction
119) What structure separates the middle from the external ear? 119) A) tympanic membrane B) oval window C) round window D) basilar membrane E) eustachian tube
A) tympanic membrane
161) Afferent neurons from the semicircular canal, the utricle, and the saccule enter the brainstem where 161) most terminate within the A) vestibular nuclei. B) medial geniculate body. C) lateral reticular formation. D) nucleus raphe magnus. E) lateral geniculate body.
A) vestibular nuclei.
59) Which of the following connects the middle ear to the pharynx? 59) A) external auditory meatus B) Eustachian tube C) basilar membrane D) tympanic membrane E) utricle
B) Eustachian tube
52) The detection of odorants occurs via the binding of organic molecules to receptors on the cell 52) membrane, activating ________ that ultimately causes the ________. A) gustducin : potassium channel to close B) Golf : cation channel to open C) transducin : potassium channel to open D) Golf : potassium channel to open E) gustducin : sodium channel to close
B) Golf : cation channel to open
10) Fast pain originating from nociceptors is perceived as a ________ pain and is carried along 10) ________ fibers. A) dull : C B) sharp : A delta C) dull : A delta D) sharp:A beta E) sharp : C
B) sharp : A delta
123) Which of the following is a neurotransmitter responsible for the transmission of a painful stimulus 123) between first- and second-order neurons? A) bradykinin B) substance P C) histamine D) acetylcholine E) norepinephrine
B) substance P
108) What two taste qualities use a G protein during the transduction process? A) sour and salty 108) B) sweet and bitter C) sweet and sour D) bitter and salty E) salty and sweet
B) sweet and bitter
116) Where is the termination of second-order neurons found? 116) A) frontal lobe B) thalamus C) brainstem D) occipital lobe E) parietal lobe
B) thalamus
153) The ability to detect the direction from which a sound originates is determined by 153) A) mapping of sound location on the cerebral cortex. B) the time delay between that sound reaching the right and left cochlea. C) differences in sound intensity as it reaches the right and left cochlea. D) lateral inhibition that occurs between the right and left cochlea. E) lateral excitation occurring between the right and left cochlea.
B) the time delay between that sound reaching the right and left cochlea.
166) The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing, where visual details are 166) A) transmitted to the lateral geniculate body where they are integrated. B) transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are then integrated. C) integrated by bipolar cells and sent to the primary visual cortex. D) maintained within the optic chiasm where they are integrated. E) integrated before reaching the primary visual cortex.
B) transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are then integrated.
104) What transmits sound energy from the outer ear to the middle ear? 104) A) cochlea B) tympanic membrane C) external auditory meatus D) basilar membrane E) ampulla
B) tympanic membrane
177) What are the strands of connective tissue that connect the lens to muscles for accommodation 177) called? A) optic disk B) zonular fibers C) cornea D) pupil E) ciliary muscles
B) zonular fibers
68) What is the function of the retinal pigmented epithelium? 68) A) Provide nutrients and oxygen to the retina. B) Provide nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea. C) Absorb light that enters the eye. D) Secrete vitreous humor. E) Secrete aqueous humor.
C) Absorb light that enters the eye.
78) What are the cones called that respond to the red spectrum of light? 78) E) Y cones A) R cones B) G cones C) S cones D) L cones
D) L cones
164) In terms of a bad smell, why is it better to stay in its presence than to leave and return several 164) times? A) With time, labeled lines change their modality. B) Olfactory receptors are tonic. C) Slowly adapting receptors take longer to come online. D) Olfactory receptors are rapidly adapting. E) The decrease in graded potentials increases the frequency of their action potentials.
D) Olfactory receptors are rapidly adapting.
49) Which of the following is true of photoreceptors in the light (relative to the dark)? 49) A) Sodium channels are open. B) The synaptic terminal is releasing more transmitter. C) The photoreceptors are depolarized. D) Phosphodiesterase is more active. E) cGMP levels are elevated.
D) Phosphodiesterase is more active.
8) Which of the following statements about sensory coding is FALSE? 8) A) The ability to locate the stimulus is enhanced by lateral inhibition. B) The location of the stimulus is coded for by the receptive field activated. C) Coding for a stimulus type is maintained from receptor to cortex. D) The intensity of stimulus is coded for by the size of the action potential. E) The type of stimulus is coded for by the specific pathway activated.
D) The intensity of stimulus is coded for by the size of the action potential.
73) In order to focus light coming from a near source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive 73) power through what process? A) acclimatization B) refractometry C) acclimation D) accommodation E) telescoping
D) accommodation
124) Which receptor type is used to detect the stretch of specific blood vessels? 124) A) mechanical nociceptors B) osmoreceptors C) warm receptors D) baroreceptors E) chemoreceptors
D) baroreceptors
159) Which of the following cells is the precursor cell for the olfactory cells? 159) A) mitral cells B) support cells C) olfactory receptor cells D) basal cells E) ciliary cells
D) basal cells
120) What is the location of the gustatory nucleus? A) occipital lobe B) frontal lobe C) parietal lobe D) brainstem E) thalamus
D) brainstem
24) Which receptor type is used to detect free hydrogen ion content of blood? 24) A) osmoreceptors B) baroreceptors C) photoreceptors D) chemoreceptors E) mechanical nociceptors
D) chemoreceptors
145) The transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occurs in the 145) A) utricle. B) semicircular canals. C) ossicles. D) cochlea. E) eustachian tube.
D) cochlea.
111) Whether the hair cell in the semicircular canal is depolarized or hyperpolarized is dependent upon 111) which of the following? A) speed at which the head rotates B) direction toward which only the kinocilia are bent C) extent to which the stereocilia are bent D) direction toward which the stereocilia are bent relative to the kinocilium E) speed at which the stereocilia are bent
D) direction toward which the stereocilia are bent relative to the kinocilium
3) What is the site of highest visual acuity? A) optic disk B) sclera C) retinal pigmented epithelium D) fovea E) retina
D) fovea
4) Somatosensory receptors that lack identifiable specialized structures are called 4) A) Pacinian corpuscles. B) gustatory receptors. C) photoreceptors. D) free nerve endings. E) feedback loops.
D) free nerve endings.
42) An increase in pressure within the eye due to expansion of the aqueous humor that can eventually 42) compromise blood flow to the eye is called A) macular degeneration. B) angiogenesis. C) retinitis pigmentosa. D) glaucoma. E) diabetic microvascular insufficiency.
D) glaucoma.
38) Which receptor type is used for sound waves? 38) A) warm receptors B) hair cells in semicircular canals C) mechanical nociceptors D) hair cells in cochlea E) hair cells in utricle
D) hair cells in cochlea
137) The refractive power of what structure can be altered to focus light? 137) A) ciliary muscles B) cornea C) zonular fibers D) lens E) pupil
D) lens
9) First-order olfactory neurons synapse with ________. These synapses occur in clusters called 9) ________. A) olfactory neurons : glomeruli B) mitral cells : cribriform areas C) bicuspid cells : glomeruli D) mitral cells : glomeruli E) olfactory neurons : cribriform areas
D) mitral cells : glomeruli
40) The anterior portion of the semicircular canal detects acceleration in which direction? 40) A) the rotation of the head from side to side, as in moving the ear toward the shoulder B) rotating the head as in saying "no" C) linear acceleration in the up and down directions D) moving the head up and down as in saying "yes" E) linear acceleration in the forward and backward directions
D) moving the head up and down as in saying "yes"
27) What are sensory receptors that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli or stimuli that have the 27) potential to damage tissue? A) Meissner's corpuscle B) Merkel's disk C) proprioceptors D) nociceptors E) thermoreceptors
D) nociceptors
122) Ciliary muscle is innervated by what branch of the nervous system? 122) A) enteric B) central C) somatic D) parasympathetic E) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic
92) Where is the somatosensory cortex found? 92) A) brainstem B) frontal lobe C) occipital lobe D) parietal lobe E) temporal lobe
D) parietal lobe
55) Which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina? 55) A) bipolar cell, photoreceptor, ganglion cell B) bipolar cell, ganglion cell, photoreceptor C) ganglion cell, bipolar cell, photoreceptor D) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell E) photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell
D) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell
94) Which of the following is most sensitive to light? 94) A) S cones B) L cones C) M cones D) rods E) ganglionic cells
D) rods
56) When we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the ________ must first 56) ________ before low light levels can be detected. A) cones : associate B) cones : dissociate C) rods : bleach D) rods : associate E) rods : dissociate
D) rods : associate
66) The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane 66) potential is called A) sensory conversion. B) modality conversion. C) sensory generation. D) sensory transduction. E) sensory production.
D) sensory transduction.
80) What is the location of the dorsal columns? 80) A) parietal lobe B) frontal lobe C) occipital lobe D) spinal cord E) brainstem
D) spinal cord
162) What type of cells in the olfactory mucosa maintain the extracellular environment surrounding the 162) receptor cells? A) basal cells B) fibroblasts C) goblet cells D) sustentacular cells E) mast cells
D) sustentacular cells
102) What is the location of the medial geniculate body? A) parietal lobe B) brainstem C) occipital lobe D) thalamus E) frontal lobe
D) thalamus
53) How are pain signals from visceral receptors "referred" to the body surface? 53) A) the divergence of visceral and somatic afferents onto different second-order neurons B) signals from visceral receptors that travel to skin receptors to activate them C) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same third-order neurons D) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same second-order neurons E) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same first-order neurons
D) the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same second-order neurons
97) Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the ________. The sound waves are 97) then transmitted along the ________ to the cochlea. A) saccule : eustachian tube B) oval window : eustachian tube C) oval window : ossicles D) tympanic membrane : ossicles E) round window : saccule
D) tympanic membrane : ossicles
21) Which of the following best represents the endocochlear potential? 21) A) +60 mV B) -70 mV C) -90 mV D) -20 mV E) +80 mV
E) +80 mV
41) Which of the following components of the visual pathway is 100% ipsilateral to the visual field? 41) A) lateral geniculate nucleus B) optic nerve C) optic tract D) visual cortex E) None of the answers is correct.
E) None of the answers is correct.
90) Which of the following is NOT part of the gate-control theory of pain modulation? 90) A) Inhibitory interneurons can modulate second-order pain neurons. B) Inhibitory interneurons are activated by collaterals of A fibers that are associated with mechanical stimuli. C) A nonpainful stimulus can activate the inhibitory interneuron and thereby inhibit the painful stimulus. D) Inhibitory interneurons are inhibited by collaterals from the nociceptor afferent. E) Signals that modify pain originate from higher centers of the brain.
E) Signals that modify pain originate from higher centers of the brain.
28) Which cranial nerve transmits taste information to the central nervous system? 28) A) VII only B) IX only C) X only D) both VII and IX E) VII, IX, and X
E) VII, IX, and X
136) Located within the ________ of the semicircular canal, a gelatinous structure called the ________ 136) surrounds the stereocilia and kinocilium. A) cupula : otolith B) cupula : ampulla C) lumen : otolith D) ampulla : otolith E) ampulla : cupula
E) ampulla : cupula
83) What nourishes the lens and cornea? A) the optic disk B) Purkinje fibers C) the choroid D) vitreous humor E) aqueous humor
E) aqueous humor
105) Which of the following defects in vision is incorrectly matched with its cause? 105) A) cataract : discoloration of the lens B) myopia : eyeball too long C) myopia : lens too strong D) glaucoma : increased volume and therefore, increased pressure of aqueous humor E) astigmatism : hardening of the lens
E) astigmatism : hardening of the lens
69) The organ of Corti is located on what membrane? 69) A) tympanic membrane B) tectorial membrane C) vestibular membrane D) plasma membrane of hair cells E) basilar membrane
E) basilar membrane
142) Which sensation has a receptor type that is a chemoreceptor? 142) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) touch E) both olfaction and taste
E) both olfaction and taste
7) Which of the following synapses with second-order neurons in glomeruli? 7) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) touch E) both olfaction and taste
E) both olfaction and taste
74) Molecules must be dissolved in fluid to interact with the receptor for which of the following? 74) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) touch E) both olfaction and taste
E) both olfaction and taste
62) Where is retinal found? 62) A) ganglionic cells B) rods C) cones D) bipolar cells E) both rods and cones
E) both rods and cones
172) The closure of sodium channels is mediated by a decrease in the cytosolic concentration of 172) ________, which is degraded by ________. A) cAMP : transducin B) cGMP : transducin C) cAMP : phosphodiesterase D) cAMP : ATP synthase E) cGMP : phosphodiesterase
E) cGMP : phosphodiesterase
98) What muscle is under parasympathetic control to regulate the refractive power of the lens? 98) A) cornea B) fovea C) zonular fibers D) pupil E) ciliary muscles
E) ciliary muscles
175) What structure includes the scala media, scala tympani, and the scala vestibule? 175) A) helicotrema B) utricle C) basilar membrane D) ampulla E) cochlea
E) cochlea
1) Which receptor type is used to detect decreases in temperature from 35°C to 20°C? 1) A) osmoreceptors B) chemoreceptors C) warm receptors D) mechanical nociceptors E) cold receptors
E) cold receptors
36) The cornea and lens are ________ surfaces that cause light to converge on a ________. 36) A) transparent : focal length B) concave : focal length C) concave : focal point D) convex : focal length E) convex : focal point
E) convex : focal point
6) What is the first refractive structure through which light waves must pass as they enter the eye? 6) A) zonular fibers B) pupil C) ciliary muscles D) optic disk E) cornea
E) cornea
138) In the absence of light, the membrane potential of a photoreceptor is relatively ________ by the 138) presence of open ________ channels. A) depolarized : potassium B) hyperpolarized : potassium C) hyperpolarized : sodium D) depolarized : calcium E) depolarized : sodium
E) depolarized : sodium
157) Bending of the stereocilia on the hair cell can induce either a closure or an opening of a potassium 157) channel based upon the A) intensity of the sound. B) size of the stereocilia. C) acceleration of the body. D) frequency of the sound. E) direction that the stereocilia move.
E) direction that the stereocilia move.
155) When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens is relatively ________, allowing the eye to focus on 155) objects that are ________. A) flat : close B) round : close C) round : distant D) transparent : anywhere within the field of view E) flat : distant
E) flat : distant
149) Angiogenesis contributes to the cause of what visual defect in diabetes? 149) A) macular degeneration B) hyperopia C) cataracts D) myopia E) glaucoma
A) macular degeneration
61) What structure detects rotational acceleration of the head? 61) A) basilar membrane B) semicircular canals C) cochlea D) helicotrema E) organ of Corti
B) semicircular canals
100) Which of the following occurs during accommodation for near vision? 100) A) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder. B) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, and the lens becomes rounder. C) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, flattening the lens. D) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, flattening the lens. E) Ciliary muscles relax, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder.
A) Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder.
32) Which of the following statements about lateral inhibition is FALSE? 32) A) Lateral inhibition results in a stronger signal coming from second-order neurons associated with the central point of stimulation. B) Lateral inhibition occurs when communication is inhibited to second-order neurons receiving information from afferents associated with neighboring receptive fields. C) Lateral inhibition enhances acuity. D) Lateral inhibition decreases the two-point discrimination threshold. E) Lateral inhibition produces contrast within the nervous system.
A) Lateral inhibition results in a stronger signal coming from second-order neurons associated with the central point of stimulation.
128) Which of the sensory receptors within the skin are located deep within the dermis? 128) A) Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini's endings B) neuromuscular spindle C) Merkel's disks D) baroreceptors E) chemoreceptors
A) Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini's endings
26) ________ receptors are better able to provide information on whether a stimulus has changed, 26) whereas ________ receptors are better adapted to provide information on the extent of that change. A) Phasic : tonic B) Tonic : phasic C) Slowly adapting : tonic D) Rapidly adapting : phasic E) Tonic : clonic
A) Phasic : tonic
77) When the doctor shines a penlight into the patient's eye, which of the following occurs? 77) A) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. B) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation. C) The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. D) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction. E) The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation.
A) The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction.
174) What is the stimulus type to which a receptor responds the greatest called? 174) A) adequate stimulus B) appropriation C) transduction D) modality E) perception
A) adequate stimulus
29) The amplitude of a sound wave is determined by the difference in the 29) A) air molecule density in the compressed versus rarified regions of the sound wave. B) pitch of the sound. C) energy embedded in the air molecules. D) size of the air molecules in the compressed region of the sound wave. E) number of sound waves per second.
A) air molecule density in the compressed versus rarified regions of the sound wave.
121) What is the function of the ear ossicles? 121) A) amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear B) transduce sound waves to neural impulses C) provide structural support of the eardrum D) maintain the sensitivity of hair cells for hearing E) provide structural support of the cochlea
A) amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear
134) What is the enlarged area at the base of the semicircular canals, which contains hair cells, called? 134) A) ampulla B) organ of Corti C) utricle D) basilar membrane E) cochlea
A) ampulla
16) What is the location of the vestibular nuclei? A) brainstem B) thalamus C) temporal lobe D) parietal lobe E) spinal cord
A) brainstem
45) Which of the following is associated with high visual acuity? 45) A) cones B) ganglionic cells C) rods D) bipolar cells E) both rods and cones
A) cones
147) The stereocilia and kinocilium on the hair cells of the ampulla project into what structure? 147) A) cupula B) scala vestibule C) saccule D) scala tympani E) utricle
A) cupula
information detected by rods and cones are the ________ cells. A) ganglion B) vertical C) bipolar D) horizontal E) amacrine
A) ganglion
106) In which structure(s) is rhodopsin found? A) ganglionic cells B) rods C) cones D) bipolar cells E) both rods and cones
A) ganglionic cells
115) Depolarization of hair cells in the utricle occurs when the 115) A) hair cell bends toward the kinocilium. B) head is tilted forward. C) hair cell bends away from the kinocilium. D) head is tilted to the left. E) head is tilted to the right.
A) hair cell bends toward the kinocilium.
118) Which receptor type is used to detect linear acceleration forward or backward? 118) A) hair cells in utricle B) hair cells in cochlea C) baroreceptors D) hair cells in semicircular canals E) osmoreceptors
A) hair cells in utricle
109) Which of the following is NOT one of the primary tastes? 109) A) hot B) bitter C) sweet D) salty E) sour
A) hot
67) The ganglion cells of the retina synapse with neurons in the ________ that ascend to the ________. 67) A) lateral geniculate body : primary visual cortex B) thalamus : primary motor cortex C) thalamus : primary somatosensory cortex D) hypothalamus : primary visual cortex E) lateral geniculate body : cerebellum
A) lateral geniculate body : primary visual cortex
85) Of the following areas of the body, which has the greatest tactile acuity? 85) E) forehead 86) A) lips B) hand C) back D) upper arm
A) lips
86) Frequency of sound is coded for by the A) location of the hair cell stimulated. B) amplitude of the action potentials. C) direction that the stereocilia are stimulated. D) number of hair cells stimulated. E) frequency of action potentials.
A) location of the hair cell stimulated.
160) The ________ is an indentation in the retina that contains the fovea. 160) A) macula lutea B) optic disc C) optic chiasm D) optic foramen E) choroid
A) macula lutea
176) Which of the following best describes ON-center, OFF-surround cells in the retina? 176) A) They are bipolar cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields. B) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields. C) They are photoreceptors that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields. D) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina. E) They are photoreceptors that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina.
B) They are ganglion cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields.
22) Which of the following BEST describes the response of thermoreceptor afferents when temperature 22) decreases from 35°C to 25°C? A) Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials. B) Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials. C) Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents fire at the same frequency. D) Warm-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials. E) Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
B) Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
168) What is a decrease in the amplitude of a receptor potential in the presence of a continuing stimulus 168) called? A) transduction B) adaptation C) sensitization D) habituation E) localization
B) adaptation
154) The lateral displacement of bipolar and ganglion cells within the macula lutea allow for 154) A) an unhindered pathway for light to reach the rods of the fovea. B) an unhindered pathway for light to reach the cones of the fovea. C) processing of information from the rods. D) processing of information from the cones. E) enhanced communication between bipolar and ganglion cells.
B) an unhindered pathway for light to reach the cones of the fovea.
37) Photoreceptors transmit information directly to ________ cells via the release of a neurotransmitter, 37) causing those cells to develop a(n) ________ potential proportional to the intensity of the stimulus. A) ganglion : graded B) bipolar : graded C) ganglion : action D) amacrine : action E) amacrine : graded
B) bipolar : graded
71) Axons of the olfactory nerve travel through what special structure? 71) A) olfactory bulb B) cribriform plate C) cochlear membrane D) organ of Corti E) glomeruli
B) cribriform plate
48) What is another name for a receptor potential produced at sensory receptors? 48) A) detector potential B) generator potential C) synaptic potential D) sensory potential E) afferent potential
B) generator potential
167) Which of the following structures is NOT a mechanoreceptor located within the skin? 167) A) Meissner's corpuscles B) hair cells C) hair follicle receptors D) Merkel's disks E) Pacinian corpuscles
B) hair cells
57) Both the auditory and vestibular systems rely upon ________ to detect movement of fluid within 57) the ear. A) magnetoreceptors B) hair cells C) thermoreceptors D) hydroreceptors E) chemoreceptors
B) hair cells
13) The saccule detects what type of motion? 13) A) angular acceleration, as when shaking the head "no" B) linear acceleration up or down C) linear acceleration forward and backward D) angular acceleration, as when tilting the head so that the ear approaches the shoulder E) angular acceleration, as when nodding the head "yes"
B) linear acceleration up or down
117) Which of the following is not a cell type found in the retina? 117) A) photoreceptors B) macular cells C) horizontal cells D) amacrine cells E) bipolar cells
B) macular cells
126) What are the three ossicles in the middle ear? 126) A) malleus, talus, stapes B) malleus, incus, stapes C) saccule, utricle, cochlea D) tympanic, tectorial, basilar E) tympani, vestibule, media
B) malleus, incus, stapes
18) What type of vision occurs in light levels that activate both rods and cones? 18) A) photopic B) mesopic C) rhodopic D) scotopic E) retinotopic
B) mesopic
43) What is the form of energy associated with a particular stimulus type called? 43) A) appropriation B) modality C) adequate stimulus D) perception E) transduction
B) modality
47) What is a condition where light, originating from a distance, is focused in front of the retina? 47) A) neurotropia B) myopia C) hyperopia D) emmetropia E) presbyopia
B) myopia
19) In the optic chiasm, ganglion cells from the ________ portion of the retina cross over, whereas the 19) ganglion cells from the ________ portion of the retina remain on the same side. A) nasal : center B) nasal : temporal C) temporal : center D) temporal : nasal E) center : nasal
B) nasal : temporal
151) Where is the visual cortex found? A) parietal lobe B) occipital lobe C) temporal lobe D) thalamus E) frontal lobe
B) occipital lobe
2) Which receptor type is used to detect photons of light? 2) A) chemoreceptors B) photoreceptors C) hair cells in semicircular canals D) mechanical nociceptors E) warm receptors
B) photoreceptors
39) The perception of the position of one's joints and limbs is called 39) A) nociology. B) proprioception. C) positionology. D) kinesthesiology. E) nociception.
B) proprioception.
171) According to the law of specific nerve energies, a single sensory receptor 171) A) type detects all the somesthetic sensations. B) responds best to a specific energy modality. C) responds to only one type of stimulus, regardless of the strength of stimulation. D) type detects all the somatic sensations. E) responds equally to several types of stimuli.
B) responds best to a specific energy modality.
12) How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmittal to the central nervous 12) system? A) The neurotransmitter released from an afferent neuron differs based on the intensity of the stimulus. B) Different second-order neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities. C) The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus. D) Different afferent neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities. E) The amplitude of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.
C) The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.
60) Which of the following statements about the spinothalamic tract is FALSE? 60) A) Warm signals are transmitted along this pathway. B) Pain signals are transmitted along this pathway. C) The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the brainstem. D) The first-order neuron synapses with the second order neuron in the spinal cord dorsal horn. E) Cold signals are transmitted along this pathway.
C) The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the brainstem.
33) Which of the following describes irregularities in the structure of the cornea or lens? 33) A) presbyopia B) glaucoma C) astigmatism D) cataracts E) hyperopia
C) astigmatism
146) What type of receptor detects blood pressure? 146) A) proprioceptor B) osmoreceptor C) baroreceptor D) thermoreceptor E) nociceptor
C) baroreceptor
50) Cones that respond to the shortest wavelengths of light (S cones) respond best to what color 50) spectrum? A) red B) orange C) blue D) yellow E) green
C) blue
133) Where does the dorsal column pathway cross over to the opposite side? 133) A) spinal cord B) parietal lobe C) brainstem D) thalamus E) frontal lobe
C) brainstem
64) The mass of the gelatinous material within the saccule and utricle is enhanced by the presence of 64) what type of crystals? A) sodium chloride B) calcium phosphate C) calcium carbonate D) potassium chloride E) sodium carbonate
C) calcium carbonate
143) In Figure 10.1, what are the structures, in order from 1 to 5? 143) A) radial muscle, pupil, macula, choroid, sclera B) ciliary muscles, cornea, optic disc, choroid, sclera C) ciliary body, iris, fovea, retina, sclera D) zonular fibers, suspensory ligament, fovea, retina, sclera E) suspensory ligament, aqueous humor, macula, lutea, cornea
C) ciliary body, iris, fovea, retina, sclera
79) In comparison to low pitch sound, high pitch sound will cause vibrations of the basilar membrane 79) A) of greater amplitude. B) of lesser amplitude. C) closer to the oval window. D) closer to the tympanic membrane. E) closer to the helicotrema.
C) closer to the oval window.
170) Light waves refract as they pass through what structures of the eye? 170) A) cornea only B) lens only C) cornea and lens only D) choroid only E) cornea, lens, and choroid
C) cornea and lens only
178) Which of the following is an incorrect match between cranial nerve and special sense? 178) A) cranial nerve I - olfaction B) cranial nerve II - vision C) cranial nerve III - taste D) cranial nerve VIII - hearing E) cranial nerve VIII - equilibrium
C) cranial nerve III - taste
93) The bone overlying the olfactory epithelium is called the 93) A) vomer. B) maxilla. C) cribriform plate. D) frontal. E) sphenoid.
C) cribriform plate.
114) Another name for an afferent neuron is ________ neuron. 114) A) receptor B) multipolar C) first-order D) second-order E) third-order
C) first-order
30) Which receptor type is used to detect angular acceleration? 30) A) hair cells in utricle B) hair cells in cochlea C) hair cells in semicircular canals D) chemoreceptors E) mechanical nociceptors
C) hair cells in semicircular canals
130) The hair cells are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, potassium 130) moves ________ the cell, causing it to ________. A) equally into and out of : maintain its polarized state B) out of : depolarize C) into : depolarize D) into : hyperpolarize E) out of : hyperpolarize
C) into : depolarize
14) What is the muscle under autonomic control that regulates the diameter of the pupil? 14) A) pupil B) cornea C) iris D) ciliary muscles E) zonular fibers
C) iris
70) The amount of light that impinges on the retina is primarily regulated by what structure? 70) A) cornea B) fovea C) iris D) optic disk E) ciliary body
C) iris
148) Which of the following would NOT affect our ability to resolve the location of a specific stimulus? 148) A) density of receptors in the area B) size of the receptive field C) location of cell body of the afferent neuron D) lateral inhibition between receptive fields E) extent of overlap between receptive fields
C) location of cell body of the afferent neuron
158) Which receptor type is used to detect intense mechanical stimuli? 158) A) baroreceptors B) hair cells in semicircular canals C) mechanical nociceptors D) warm receptors E) chemoreceptors
C) mechanical nociceptors
107) The primary afferent neurons from taste receptor cells terminate within what structure of the 107) central nervous system? A) gustatory cortex B) cerebellum C) medulla oblongata D) thalamus E) olfactory tubercle
C) medulla oblongata
44) Amputation in diabetics is often secondary to what other problem with diabetes? 44) A) hypertension B) cardiomyopathy C) microvascular injury D) retinopathy E) renal failure
C) microvascular injury
129) The second-order neurons in the olfactory pathway are called ________ cells. 129) A) ganglion B) bipolar C) mitral D) glomeruli E) gustatory
C) mitral
127) The optic nerve exits the eye at what point? 127) A) fovea B) retina C) optic disk D) zonular fibers E) pupil
C) optic disk
132) Disks of a photoreceptor are located in the ________ and contain ________. 132) A) outer segment : transmitter B) inner segment : photopigment C) outer segment : photopigment D) synaptic terminal : transmitter E) inner segment : transmitter
C) outer segment : photopigment
75) Which of the following arranges the components of the neural pathway for vision in the correct 75) order, starting with the photoreceptor and ending with the visual cortex? A) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic radiations, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, visual cortex B) photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell, optic tract, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex C) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex D) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate body, optic tract, optic radiations, visual cortex E) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic tract, optic chiasm, optic nerve, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex
C) photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex
72) What type of receptor responds to chemicals like histamine and bradykinin that are released from 72) damaged tissue? A) mechanical nociceptors B) Ruffini's endings C) polymodal nociceptors D) hair follicle receptors E) thermal nociceptors
C) polymodal nociceptors
165) What is the hole through which light can enter the eye called? 165) A) cornea B) fovea C) pupil D) lens E) iris
C) pupil
113) The ________, projecting from the end of hair cells, are attached to the ________, which causes them 113) to bend when sound waves enter the cochlea. A) nitrocilia : tectorial membrane B) stereocilia : tectorial membrane C) stereocilia : basilar membrane D) cilia : basilar membrane E) kinocilia : basilar membrane
C) stereocilia : basilar membrane
139) The radial muscles of the iris are innervated by the ________ nervous system and their contraction 139) causes pupillary ________. A) somatic : constriction B) sympathetic : constriction C) sympathetic : dilation D) parasympathetic : dilation E) parasympathetic : constriction
C) sympathetic : dilation
156) Which of the following has receptor cells that are modified epithelial cells? 156) A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) touch E) both olfaction and taste
C) taste
76) What type of neuron in the thalamus communicates sensory information to the cerebral cortex? 76) A) first-order B) second-order C) third-order D) forth-order E) afferent
C) third-order
63) Which of the following best describes the location of the anterior segment? 63) A) within the eye, between the iris and lens B) within the eye, between the cornea and iris C) within the eye, between the cornea and lens D) within the ear, between the vestibular and basilar membranes E) within the ear, between the basilar and tympanic membranes
C) within the eye, between the cornea and lens
