Chapter 10 Review
What term refers to a deficiency of white blood cells?
leukopenia
Which white blood cells are most important in body immunity?
lymphocytes
The largest of all the white blood cells (WBCs) is the ____.
monocyte
Which patient might be diagnosed with physiologic jaundice?
newborn baby
What type of anemia is associated with atrophy of the stomach mucosa in the elderly?
pernicious anemia
Composed of approximately 90 percent water, over 100 different substances are dissolved in this straw-colored fluid called ____.
plasma
Which formed element is responsible for stopping bleeding?
platelet
What is the basis of the ABO blood groups?
presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surfae of RBCs
What are the functions of blood?
regulate pH, body temperature and transport nutrients
Which anemia is caused by a genetic mutation?
sickle cell anemia
What determines whether the blood is bright red or dull red?
the amount of oxygen it is carrying (the more oxygen the redder the blood)
What clotting factor converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
thrombin
What is the role of hemoglobin in the red blood cell?
transport oxygen and small amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
What blood type has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their plasma?
type O
While blood typing, the sample is mixed with anti-A serum and anti B-serum. There is no agglutination. You could conclude that the sample type is ____.
type O
What blood type can a person with O negative blood receive in a transfusion?
type O negative
What occurs first in hemostasis?
vascular spasm
If you had a severe infection, would you expect your WBC count to be 5000, 10000 or 15000 per mm^3?
15000 (infection in the body causes an increase in WBC)
Normal WBC count is between ____ and ____ cells/mm^3
3000 and 5000
The normal pH of blood is in the range of ____; therefore, a pH of 7.10 would be a condition called____.
7.35-7.45; acidosis
A person with blood type ____ has antigen A on his/her RBCs.
A
Any substance the body deems as foreign is an ____ and the response molecules that react are called ____.
antigen; antbodies
What are the characteristics of red blood cells?
anucleate, contain hemoglobin, formed in the red bone marrow
What leukocytes release histamine furing the inflammatory response?
basophils
What is the hereditary bleeding disorder, commonly called the "bleeders disease"?
Hemophilia
The doctor sticks your finger, takes some blood and does a WBC count. The count (12,500 cells/mm^3) indicates leukocytosis. What can you conclude?
Its a high WBC count, indicating a bacterial or viral infection
What blood-related disorders are particularly common in the elderly?
Leukemia, pernicious anemia, and clotting disorders
Which body organ plays the main role in producing plasma?
Liver
____ are important in immune responses.
Lymphocytes
What is the most numerous type of white blood cell, and an active phagocyte that increases rapidly during acute infections?
Neutrophil
____ are the most numerous type of white blood cell.
Neutrophils
Donor and recipient blood types are A positive. Mixing recipient serum with donor RBCs caused agglutination. No agglutination occurred when donor serum was mixed with recipient RBCs. Is the blood safe for transfusion?
No, antibodies in the recipient's plasma are interacting with some unidentified antigen on the donor RBC's
True or False? An Rh- mom carrying her second Rh+ fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease of a newborn.
True
What indicates leukocytosis?
WBC count higher than 11,000 cells/mm^3
What is a plasma electrolyte?
chloride (salt)
Hemostasis, involving three major phases including vascular spasms, platelet plug formation and blood clotting is called ____.
coagulation
What triggers the adherence of platelets to the wall of an injured blood vessel?
collagen fibers
Blood is a complex ____ tissue and is the only ____ tissue in the body.
connective; fluid
The process by which white blood cells move into and out of the blood vessels is called ____.
diapedesis
What are the three major categories of formed elements?
erythrocytes, leuokcytes and platelets
The meshwork structure of a proper clot is due largely to the ____ threads that trap the red blood cells.
fibrin
What is a characteristic of whole blood?
five times the viscosity of water
The living cells and cell fragments in blood are called the ____ elements and include erythrocytes, leukocytes and ____.
formed; platelets
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are alike in that they are____.
granulocytes
Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells ____.
have a nuclei
What is a normal value for whole blood?
hematocrit: 45%
All formed elements arise from a single type of stem cell named a ____.
hemocytoblast
Which cell is the precursor of all types of blood formed elements?
hemocytoblast
The molecule most responsible for carrying oxygen in blood is known as ____.
hemoglobin
What disorder is associated with a deficiency of clotting factors?
hemophilia
The rapid sequence of vascular spasms, platelet plug formation and coagulation is known as ____.
hemostasis
What inhibits clot formation?
heparin
What factors enhance the risk of thrombus formation in intact blood vessels?
inactivity, leading to blood pooling and anything that roughens or damages the lining of a blood vessel (laceration, ahersclerosis or physical trauma)
When oxygen levels are low the ____ are stimulated to release ____.
kidneys; erythropoietin
What property of RBC's dooms them to a limited life span of about 120 days?
lack of a nucleus
Accounting for about 1 percent of total blood volume, ____ form a protective, movable army to defend the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites and tumor cells
leukocytes
Accounting for about 1 percent of total blood volume, ____ form a protective, movable army to defend the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites and tumor cells.
leukocytes
What blood cells are responsible for fighting infections?
leukocytes
How does fetal hemoglobin differ from that of the adult?
Fetal HbF has a greater ability to bind oxygen and binds it more strongly than adult HbA
Which type of WBC increases during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections?
Eosinophils
____ fight parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
When thrombin is activated it converts fibrin into fibrinogen. True or False?
False (when thrombin is activated, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin)
When typing a patient's blood, agglutination occurred with anti-A and anti-Rh antibodies. What is this patients blood type?
A positive
True or false? Anti-Rh antibodies are automatically made, like the antibodies in ABO blood types?
False. Anti-Rh antibodies are NOT automatically made, unlike the antibodies in ABO blood types.
What is the probable result of infusing mismatched blood?
A transfusion reactiton in which the RBC's are lysed and hemoglobin enters the bloodstream, potentially leading to kidney shutdown
A woman with blood type O has a baby with blood type O. The father could be ____.
A, B or O, but not AB
A person with blood type ____. has both A and B antigens on his/her RBCs.
AB
Name the difference between antigen and an antibody.
Antigen is a foreign substance to the body that is attacked by the immune system. Antibody is a protein released by immune cells that binds w an antigen and deactivates it
A person with blood type ____ has antigen B on his/her RBCs.
B
____ release histamine.
Basophils
A person with blood type ____ has neither A nor B antigen on his/her RBCs.
O
What is the most common blood type?
O-positive
What are the classes of human blood groups based on?
The self-antigens (agglutinogens) the RBCs bear
How is the production of platelets different from that of all the other formed elements?
The stem cell (megakaryocyte) undergoes mitosis many times, forming a large multinucleate cell, which then fragments into platelets
You suffer from being pale and fatigued, what disorder of erythrocytes might you have?
anemia
A protein in the plasma that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is ____.
albumin
Which plasma protein functions to maintain osmotic pressure and pH balance?
albumin