Chapter 10: Semen

level of fructose?

>13 mol per ejaculate. tested within 2 hour collection or frozen to prevent fructolysis

6. Liquefaction of a semen specimen should take place within: A. 1 hour B. 2 hours C. 3 hours D. 4 hours

A. 1 hour

21. Normal sperm morphology when using the WHO criteria is: A. >30% normal forms B. <30% normal forms C. >15% abnormal forms D. <15% normal forms

A. >30% normal forms

30. Following a negative postvasectomy wet preparation, the specimen should be: A. Centrifuged and reexamined B. Stained and reexamined C. Reported as no sperm seen D. Both A and B

A. Centrifuged and reexamined

19. All of the following are associated with sperm motility except the: A. Head B. Neckpiece C. Midpiece D. Tail

A. Head

13. The primary reason to dilute a semen specimen before performing a sperm concentration is to: A. Immobilize the sperm B. Facilitate the chamber count C. Decrease the viscosity D. Stain the sperm

A. Immobilize the sperm

17. The purpose of the acrosomal cap is to: A. Penetrate the ovum B. Protect the the nucleus C. Create energy for tail movement D. Protect the neckpiece

A. Penetrate the ovum

14. When performing a sperm concentration, 60 sperm are counted in the RBC squares on one side of the hemocytometer and 90 sperm are counted in the RBC squares on the other side. The specimen is diluted 1:20. The: A. Specimen should be rediluted and counted B. Sperm count is 75 million/mL C. Sperm count is greater than 5 million/mL D. Sperm concentration is abnormal

A. Specimen should be rediluted and counted

22. Additional parameters measured by Kruger's strict morphology include all of the following except: A. Vitality B. Presence of vacuoles C. Acrosome size D. Tail length

A. Vitality

7. A semen specimen delivered to the laboratory in a condom has a normal sperm count and markedly decreased sperm motility. This indicates: A. Decreased fructose B. Antispermicide in the condom C. Increased semen viscosity D. Increased semen alkalinity

B. Antispermicide in the condom

Normal sermen volume?

2-5 ml

A fresh semen specimen is clothed and should liquefy within?

30-60 minutes after collection

normal pH of semen is alkaline?

7-8

decreased pH?

may be associated with increased prostatic fluid, ejaculatory duct obstruction, or poorly developed seminal vesicles.

failure of liquefaction?

may be caused by a deficiency in prostatic enzymes

**low sperm concentration?

may be caused by lack of th support medium produced in the seminal vesicles, which can be indicated by a low to absent fructose level in the semen.

yellow coloration?

may be caused by urine contamination, specimen collection following prolonged abstinence, and medications.

increased volume?

may be seen following periods of extended abstinence.

24. If 5 round cells per 100 sperm are counted in a sperm morphology smear and the sperm concentration is 30 million, the concentration of round cells is: A. 150,000 B. 1.5 million C. 300,000 D. 15 million

B. 1.5 million

16. The percentage of sperm showing average motility that is considered normal is: A. 25% B. 50% C. 60% D. 75%

B. 50%

11. Given the following information, calculate the sperm concentration: dilution, 1:20; sperm counted in five RBC squares on each side of the hemocytometer, 80 and 86; volume, 3 mL. A. 80 million/mL B. 83 million/mL C. 86 million/mL D. 169 million/m L

B. 83 million/mL

18. The sperm part containing a mitochondrial sheath is the: A. Head B. Neckpiece C. Midpiece D. Tail

C. Midpiece

28. Measurement of a -glucosidase is performed to detect a disorder of the: A. Seminiferous tubules B. Epididymis C. Prostate gland D. Bulbourethral glands

B. Epididymis

3. The major component of seminal fluid is: A. Glucose B. Fructose C. Acid phosphatase D. Citric acid

B. Fructose

10. The normal sperm concentration is: A. Less than 20 million/m L B. More than 20 million/mL C. Less than 20 million/mL D. More than 20 million/m L

B. More than 20 million/mL

26. Follow-up testing for a low sperm concentration would include testing for: A. Antisperm antibodies B. Seminal fluid fructose C. Sperm vitality D. Prostatic acid phosphatase

B. Seminal fluid fructose

20. The morphologic shape of a normal sperm head is: A. Round B. Tapered C. Oval D. Amorphous

C. Oval

shape of sperm?

oval-shaped head approximate 5 um long and 3 um wide and a long, flagellar tail approximately 45 um long

31. Standardization of procedures and reference values for semen analysis is primarily provided by the: A. Manufacturers of instrumentation B. WHO C. Manufacturers of control samples D. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments

B. WHO

15. Sperm motility evaluations are performed: A. Immediately after the specimen is collected B. Within 1 hour of collection C. After 3 hours of incubation D. At 6-hour intervals for 1 day

B. Within 1 hour of collection

12. Using the above information, calculate the sperm concentration when 80 sperm are counted in 1 WBC square and 86 sperm are counted in another WBC square. A. 83 million/mL B. 166 million per ejaculate C. 16.6 million/mL D. 50 million per ejaculate

C. 16.6 million/mL

29. A specimen delivered to the laboratory with a request for prostatic acid phosphatase and glycoprotein p30 was collected to determine: A. Prostatic infection B. Presence of antisperm antibodies C. A possible rape D. Successful vasectomy

C. A possible rape

9. Proteolytic enzymes may be added to semen specimens to: A. Increase the viscosity B. Dilute the specimen C. Decrease the viscosity D. Neutralize the specimen

C. Decrease the viscosity

4. If the first portion of a semen specimen is not collected, the semen analysis will have which of the following? A. Decreased pH B. Increased viscosity C. Decreased sperm count D. Decreased sperm motility

C. Decreased sperm count

1. Maturation of spermatozoa takes place in the: A. Sertoli cells B. Seminiferous tubules C. Epididymis D. Seminal vesicles

C. Epididymis

27. The immunobead test for antisperm antibodies: A. Detects the presence of male antibodies B. Determines the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies C. Determines the location of antisperm antibodies D. All of the above

D. All of the above

8. An increased semen pH may be caused by: A. Prostatic infection B. Decreased prostatic secretions C. Decreased bulbourethral gland secretions D. All of the above

D. All of the above

23. Round cells that are of concern and may be included in sperm counts and morphology analysis are: A. Leukocytes B. Spermatids C. RBCs D. Both A and B

D. Both A and B

25. Following an abnormal sperm motility test with a normal sperm count, what additional test might be ordered? A. Fructose level B. Zinc level C. MAR test D. Eosin-nigrosin stain

D. Eosin-nigrosin stain

2. Enzymes for the coagulation and liquefaction of semen are produced by the: A. Seminal vesicles B. Bulbourethral glands C. Ductus deferens D. Prostate gland

D. Prostate gland

5. Failure of laboratory personnel to document the time a semen sample is collected primarily affects the interpretation of semen: A. Appearance B. Volume C. pH D. Viscosity

D. Viscosity

Specialized Sertoli cells

Provide support and nutrients for the germ cells Ps: undergo mitosis and meiosis (spermatogenesis)

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

patients with abnormal results on the routine semen analysis performed in the clinical laboratory

three part of sperm?

Head: acrosome, cell membrane, nucleus Mid piece: mitochondria (produces the energy required by the tail for motility Tail (flagellum): moving part

AHG?

SEMEN SAMPLE CONTAINING MOTILE SPERM IS INCUBATED WITH IgG ANTIHUMAN GLOBULIN and a suspension of latex particles or treated RBCs coated with IgG.

life cycles of sperm

When spermatogenesis is complete, the immature sperm (nonmotile) enter the epididymis. In the epidermis, the sperm mature and develop flagella. It takes 90 days of process.

Low fructose levels?

are caused by abnormalities of the seminal vesicles, bilateral congenital absence of the vas deference, obstruction of the ejaculatory duet, partial retrograde ejaculation, and androgen deficiency.

sperm-agglutinating antibodies?

cause sperm to stick to each other in a head to head, head to tail, or tail to tail pattern.

The bulbourthral glands, located below the prostate?

contribute about 5% of the fluid volume in the form of a thick, alkaline mucus that helps to neutralize acidity from the prostate secretions and the vagina.

what are four of semen composed?

epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. Ps: mixing of all four fractions during ejaculation is essential for the production of a normal semen specimen.

Spermatozoa?

germ cells for the production. it is located in the epithelial cells of the seminiferous tubules.

Normal appearance of semen?

gray-white color, appears translucent, and has a characteristic musty odor.

Advances in the field of andrology and assisted reproductive technology(ART), and increased concern over fertility, particularly by couples choosing to have children later in life

have resulted in increased emphasis on semen analysis.

The milky acidic fluid contains?

high concentration of acid phosphatase, citric acid, zinc, and proteolytic enzymes responsible for both the coagulation and liquefaction of the semen following ejaculation.

spermatids?

immature sperm

increased pH

indicates infection within the reproductive tract

pH of semen?

indicates the balance between the pH values from the acidic prostatic secretion and the alkaline seminal vesicles secretion.

Decreased volume?

is more frequently associated with infertility and may indicate improper functioning of one of the sea producing organs, primarily the seminal vesicles.

which two additional tests determine the presence of semen?

post vasectomy semen analysis and forensic analyses

flavin?

responsible for the gray appearance of semen.

MAR?

screening procedure used primarily to detect the presence of immunoglobulin G (gig) antibodies.

acrosomal cap, tip of the head

should encompass approximately half of the head and cover approximately two thirds of the sperm nucleus.

In the absence of fructose?

sperm do not display motility in the semen analysis.

the ejaculatory ducts receive both the sperm from?

the ductus deferent and fluid from the seminal vesicles.

what part of the last portion of ejculate is missing,

the semen volume is decreased, the sperm count is falsely increased, the pH is falsely decreased, and the specimen will not clot.

seminiferous tubules?

the testes are paired glands in the scrotum that contain. functions: secretion of sperm

Specimen viscosity refers?

to the consistency of the fluid and may be related to specimen liquefaction

Vasectomy?

vasovasostomy, trauma, and infection, the antigens on the sperm produce an immune response that damages the sperm.

collect of spemien?

when a part of the first portion of the ejaculate is missing, the sperm count will be decreased, the pH falsely increased, the specimen will not liquefy.

color and infection?

when the sperm concentration is very low, the specimen may appear almost clear. Increased white turbidity indicates the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) and infection within the reproductive tract.