Chapter 10: Visual Imagery

What studies show that perceptual and imagery problems are one in the same?

Bisiach & Luzzatti(1978)Unilateral Neglect-patients who have any damage to parietal lobe show neglect to one side when it comes to perception and imagery

Kosslyn (1978)

Boat and Island shows there is a spatial correspondence between imagery and perception

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Freedom

Is imagery spatial or propositional?

Kosslyn: imagery involves spatial representation from boat experiment Finker and Pinker: imagery is spatial representation, as shown by four dots and arrow Pylyshyn: Time increases for scanning because of tacit knowledge(or knowledge of the real world) Imagery is served by a spatial mechanism

Ganis(2004)

Looked at imagery and perception Had people look at a normal tree and a lined one More activation for perception, less active for imagery Frontal Lobe Parietal Occipital Lobe-more in perception

Paivio(1963-1965)

Used paired-associate learning(concrete and abstract nouns) experiment Results: Memory for words evoke images better than those that do not

Physylyn: Motor Boat Experiment

Used words instead of image and took the same about of time.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a bumblebee

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

a spatial layoug

Imagery neurons respond to

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

conceptual peg hypothesis

concrete nouns create images that other words can hang onto, which enhances memory for these words.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images

Mental imagery involves

experiences a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry

Spatial Representation

representation in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to location in space

Visual Imagery

seeing in the absence of a visual stimulus

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of a field of view

Tacit-knowledge

subjects unconciously use knowledge about the world in making their judgements

tacit knowledge explanation

subjects unconciously use knowledge about the world in making their judgements

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the_______explanation.

tacit-knowledge

Mental Imagery

the ability to recreate the sensory world in the absence of physical stimuli

imagery neurons

A type of category-specific neuron that is activated by imagery.

Phylyshyn(1973)

Imagery-Epiphenomenon: biproduct of a mental task don't always have to mental represent things behavioral event can occur at the same time as cognitive progess (might not be needed) Imagery is propositional in nature, not spatial Tacit-Knowledge

How can we use imagery to improve memory?

Method of Loci(locations Associating images with words Pegword Technique(concrete nouns)

How are imagery and Perception different?

Perception: automatic and stable Imagery: effort and is fragile

How can brain damage effect imagery?

Removing part of the visual cortex decreases image size Perceptual problems are accompanied by problems with images

Kosslyn(1999) & Farrah

TMS used Visual Cortex is used for perception and imagery