Chapter 10: Water and the Electrolytes

Sodium, chloride, and potassium in cells and body fluids are examples of: Select one: a. condensates. b. solvents. c. phytates. d. no answer is correct. e. electrolytes.

e. electrolytes.

Extracellular fluid does NOT include: Select one: a. interstitial fluid. b. no answer is correct. c. blood. d. lymph. e. fluid within cells.

e. fluid within cells.

Most body water comes from: Select one: a. moisture absorbed through the skin. b. no answer is correct. c. metabolism. d. the food we eat. e. fluids we drink.

e. fluids we drink.

The human diet has: Select one: a. historically been lower in both sodium and potassium than at present. b. no answer is correct. c. always been high in salt. d. historically been higher in both sodium and potassium than at present. e. historically been higher in potassium and lower in sodium than at present

e. historically been higher in potassium and lower in sodium than at present

Water found inside cells of the body is called: Select one: a. no answer is correct. b. interstitial fluid. c. extracellular fluid. d. intercellular fluid. e. intracellular fluid.

e. intracellular fluid.

The normal pH of the body fluids of 7.4 is considered: Select one: a. no answer is correct. b. very basic. c. slightly acidic. d. very acidic. e. slightly basic.

e. slightly basic.

Approximately what percentage of the adult human body is water? Select one: a. 60 percent b. 80 percent c. 20 percent d. 40 percent e. No answer is correct

a. 60 percent

Which of the following individuals is at risk for dehydration? Select one: a. All are potentially at risk for dehydration b. An athlete, exercising in cool weather c. A child, recovering from diarrhea d. An elderly woman, just returning from a 4 hour flight e. An infant, sleeping soundly

a. All are potentially at risk for dehydration

Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in an increased need for water? Select one: a. High potassium intake b. A low-calorie diet c. Intensive exercise regimen d. Lactation e. Consuming many high protein foods

a. High potassium intake

High blood pressure results in all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. an increased diabetes risk. b. weakening of and damage to artery walls. c. the heart working harder. d. an increased risk of stroke. e. an increased risk of kidney disease.

a. an increased diabetes risk.

When a nerve cell depolarizes, all of the following occur EXCEPT: Select one: a. it causes a muscle contraction. b. no answer is correct. c. an electrical current is generated. d. permeability of the cell membrane to sodium changes. e. a nerve impulse is sent.

a. it causes a muscle contraction.

The function of synovial fluid is to: Select one: a. lubricate joints. b. provide a protective cushion around the developing fetus. c. no answer is correct. d. allow excess heat to escape from the body. e. lubricate the mouth.

a. lubricate joints.

The AI for potassium intake is: Select one: a. more than 2 times than that of sodium b. no answer is correct. c. not established. d. similar to that for sodium. e. less than 20 percent of that for sodium.

a. more than 2 times than that of sodium

All of the following occur when the concentration of sodium in the blood rises EXCEPT: Select one: a. renin is released. b. blood pressure rises. c. water moves into the blood. d. no answer is correct. e. blood volume rises.

a. renin is released.

Good sources of potassium include all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. snack crackers. b. potatoes. c. oranges. d. tomatoes. e. bananas.

a. snack crackers.

Water is polar because: Select one: a. the electrons spend more time around the O atom than the H atoms. b. it is an ion. c. no answer is correct. d. the electrons spend more time around the H atoms than the O atom. e. the electrons are equally shared among the O and H atoms.

a. the electrons spend more time around the O atom than the H atoms.

Salt is added to processed food for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: Select one: a. to balance potassium content b. as a preservative. c. no answer is correct. d. to inhibit the growth of bacteria. e. to enhance flavor.

a. to balance potassium content

Which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream? Select one: a. Angiotensinogen b. Antidiuretic hormone c. Adrenal hormone d. No answer is correct e. Calcitonin

b. Antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the role of water in regulating body temperature? Select one: a. Low body temperature causes restricted blood flow to the skin to conserve body heat. b. High body temperature increases blood flow to the kidneys increasing urine production, thus dissipating excess heat. c. When fevers occur, blood flows close to the body' surface where it can release some heat into environment. d. When body temperature rises, sweat is produced; this evaporates to cool the body. e. Water changes temperature slowly, helping to maintain body temperature.

b. High body temperature increases blood flow to the kidneys increasing urine production, thus dissipating excess heat.

What is a function of water in the body? Select one: a. It maintains the body at a slightly acidic pH. b. It transports oxygen and nutrients to cells. c. It regulates protein function in the body. d. It prevents heat loss from the body. e. No answer is correct.

b. It transports oxygen and nutrients to cells.

Diets high in sodium have been linked to _____________ in some people. Select one: a. cancer b. hypertension c. diabetes d. none of these e. all of these

b. hypertension

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding maintenance of electrolyte concentrations across cell membranes? Select one: a. The input of large amounts of energy is required. b. no answer is correct. c. Depolarization of cell membranes is necessary. d. The process involves an active transport system. e. The sodium potassium ATPase is a key player.

c. Depolarization of cell membranes is necessary.

What is the effect of dietary salt intake on blood pressure? Select one: a. It has no effect on blood pressure b. It lowers blood pressure. c. It increases blood pressure. d. No answer is correct e. It can either increase or lower blood pressure.

c. It increases blood pressure.

The risk of hypertension is lowest for which of the following groups? Select one: a. Diabetics b. Obese individuals c. Non-hispanic whites d. Elderly people e. African Americans

c. Non-hispanic whites

What are electrolytes in the body? Select one: a. Proteins that are dissolved in body fluids. b. No answer is correct. c. Substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions. d. They are desirable but not necessary for the maintenance of life. e. They are vitamins and minerals required for body functions.

c. Substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions.

The DASH diet is: Select one: a. high is sodium while low in calcium, magnesium and potassium. b. no answer is correct. c. high in potassium, calcium and magnesium while low in sodium. d. high in sodium and potassium while low in calcium and magnesium. e. high in calcium and magnesium while low in sodium and potassium.

c. high in potassium, calcium and magnesium while low in sodium.

Drinking plain water after a long period of excessive sweating can do all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. cause water toxicity. b. result in nausea, muscle cramps and confusion. c. increase potassium in the blood causing high blood pressure. d. result in hyponatremia. e. dilute the sodium in the blood.

c. increase potassium in the blood causing high blood pressure.

Fluid requirements for infants are proportionately greater than those for adults because: Select one: a. infants have less surface area for evaporation. b. infants weigh less than adults. c. infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine. d. infants are more active than adults. e. no answer is correct.

c. infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine.

The shrinking of a strawberry from water loss after being sprinkled with sugar is an example of: Select one: a. condensation. b. alkalosis. c. osmosis. d. diffusion. e. no answer is correct.

c. osmosis.

Positively and negatively charged ions in water are called: Select one: a. inert. b. solvents. c. non-polar. d. electrolytes. e. no answer is correct.

d. electrolytes.

Electrolyte deficiency most likely occurs: Select one: a. no answer is correct. b. when fewer than 8 glasses of water are consumed per day. c. as a result of decongestant medications. d. when losses are extreme. e. when people don't choose foods carefully.

d. when losses are extreme.

Which of the following acts to increase blood pressure? Select one: a. Parathyroid hormone b. Calcitonin c. Estrogen d. No answer is correct e. Angiotensin II

e. Angiotensin II

Which organ is responsible for regulating sodium and chloride concentrations in the body? Select one: a. No answer is correct. b. Pancreas c. Brain d. Liver e. Kidneys

e. Kidneys

All of the following are ways to reduce sodium intake in your diet EXCEPT: Select one: a. choosing roasted turkey rather than bologna. b. choosing a side of baked potatoes rather than French fries. c. preparing your meals at home. d. replacing processed foods with unprocessed foods. e. choosing canned vegetables rather than frozen vegetables.

e. choosing canned vegetables rather than frozen vegetables.

When table salt is dissolved in water, the sodium and chloride ions: Select one: a. associate. b. form a covalent bond. c. form an ionic bond. d. no answer is correct. e. dissociate.

e. dissociate.