Chapter 10
Achieve consistency between attitudes and behavior
According to cognitive dissonance theory, people are motivated to ________.
Consistency of the behavior
According to Kelley's covariation principle, which of the following is not one of the three potential causes of a behavior we examine when making an attribution?
door-in -the-face
A career woman would like her husband to help a little more with the housework. If she first requests that her husband do 50 percent of the work, she would be using the ________ technique.
Implicit personality theories
A friend tells you about the clumsy person who sits next to him in class who is always dropping her pencil and stepping on your friend's feet. As a result of _______________, you expect that the person is also not very bright.
A person schema
A person believes that elementary schoolteachers are nurturing people. This is an example of
Groupthink
A psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses dissent and consideration of alternatives in group decision making.
Sociobiology
A specialization within biology that seeks to understand the biological factors that underlie social behaviors in all animal species, including humans.
reduced personal accountability
A teenage gang member murders a member from a rival gang but denies being to blame because "The gang leader told me to do it." This teenager's statement would support the ________ explanation of destructive obedience.
You doubt that the salesman is trustworthy.
A used-car salesman tells you, "That's a fine car at an outstanding price." This salesman is not effective in persuading you to buy the car, in large part, because of which of the following?
Balance theory
According to ________, the attitudes of other people play a significant role in determining whether we maintain our attitudes or change them
Pro-death penalty piece as a favor for a friend
According to cognitive dissonance theory, which individual would most likely undergo a change in attitude concerning the death penalty (which he or she was originally opposed to)?—an advertising/public relations expert who wrote a brief ________.
Socially Acceptable Manner
According to correspondent inference theory, if you observe a person behaving in a _____________________________________, you would not make a correspondent inference.
Illusion of Control
Attributional bias caused by the belief that we control events in our own lives that are really beyond our control.
Dispositional attribution
An assumption that behavior is determined by internal causes, such as personal attitudes or goals, is referred to as ________.
Attitude
Any learned, relatively enduring predisposition to respond in consistently favorable ways to certain people, groups, ideas, or situations.
Interpersonal Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt another person.
Implicit Personality Theories
Assumptions people make about how traits usually occur together in other people's personalities.
Social adjustment
At times the attitudes we express allow us to identify with or gain approval from our peers. This statement describes the ________ function of attitudes.
A moderate
Attempts to change attitudes are often most successful if there is ________ discrepancy between the individual's original attitude and the attitude that is being encouraged
Stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination
Attitudes are composed of beliefs, feelings, and behaviors. Regarding prejudiced attitudes, these three components—in order—relate to _______, _______, and _______.
Implicit Attitude
Attitudes that may be socially undesirable and may influence one's behavior without one's knowledge.
False Consensus Bias
Attribution bias caused by the assumption that most people share our own attitudes and behaviors.
Frustration
Berkowitz suggests that ____________________ will not result in aggression unless suitable environmental cues are present.
Modifying
Conformity involves simply ____________________ behaviors so that they are consistent with those of others; compliance involves modifying behavior in response to direct requests from others.
informational social
Changing your behavior to be consistent with the behavior of a group because you believe that the group is more knowledgeable than you illustrates ________ influence.
He or she was the only bystander
Darley and Latané (1968) found that one would be more likely to help another person in trouble if ______.
Social Influence
Efforts by others to after our feelings, beliefs, and behavior.
Compliance
Form of social influence in which people after their behavior in response to direct requests from others, which usually involve a degree of coercion.
Person Schemas
Forming impressions (I am sure that you have experienced instances where first impressions were quite inaccurate.)
Operant Conditioning
If a child earns a nod of approval from a parent when he or she makes a racially derogatory comment, he or she is likely to develop a negative attitude toward the group through ________.
A "victim" of the false consensus bias
If your professor believes that anyone who doesn't find psychology as fascinating as he or she does must be an idiot, your professor would be _______.
Central Trait
In Gordon Allport's trait theory of personality, a major characteristic such as honesty or sensitivity.
informational social
In Sherif's experiment that asked participants to estimate how far a light moved in group-testing situations, participants' estimates became progressively more similar. Following the group test, when tested alone participants made judgments similar to those made in the group situations, indicating the ________ influence.
Similarity
In perception, the principle that we tend to group elements that are similar to each other (in social psychology, similarly of beliefs, interests, and values is recognized as a factor attracting people to one another).
Discrimination
In social psychology, the behavioral consequence of prejudice in which one group is treated differently from another group.
Ingroup
In social psychology, the group in which people include themselves when they divide the world into "us" and "them".
Door-In-The-Face Technique
Method for encouraging compliance in which an unreasonable request is followed by a more minor, reasonable request (which is the requester's goal in the first place).
obedience
Milgram's study examined ________.
False
Negative first impressions are more easily altered in response to additional information than are positive first impressions.
Prejudice
Negative, unjustifiable, and inflexible attitude toward a group and its members.
Informational Social Influence
One basis of conformity, in which we accept a group's beliefs or behaviors as providing accurate information about reality.
frustration
Overt acts of prejudice tend to increase during which periods?
Proximity
Perceptual grouping principle whereby, all else being equal, we tend to organize perceptions by grouping elements that are the nearest to each other (in social psychology, the geographical nearness of one person to another, which is an important factor in interpersonal attraction).
Mere Exposure Effect
Phenomenon by which repeated exposure to novel stimuli tends to increase an individual's preference for such stimuli.
Physical Attractiveness
Physical features that persons of life opposite sex find appealing.
stereotypes
Preconceived and oversimplified beliefs and expectations about the traits of members of a particular group that do not account for individual differences defines ________.
Stereotypes
Preconceived and oversimplified beliefs and expectations about the traits of members of a particular group that do not account for individual differences.
proximity
Probably the most basic reason you will not fall in love with and marry a Russian citizen is ________.
Normative Social Influence
Social influence in which we conform not because of an actual change in our beliefs, but because we think we will belief in some way (such as gaining approval).
Birds of a feather flock together
Regarding interpersonal attraction, which of the following old adages is most correct?
Violence on TV does lead to aggressive behavior.
Regarding the effect of television violence on children, which of the following is the consensus of opinion among psychologists?
Outgroup
The "them" group when individuals divide the world into "us" and "them".
Obedience
Social influence in which we after our behavior in response to commands or orders from people perceived as having power or authority.
Foot-In-The-Door Technique
Technique for encouraging compliance in which a person is first asked to agree to a relatively minor request that serves as a setup for a major request.
Diffusion of Responsibility or Bystander Apathy
Tendency for an individual to feel a diminished sense of responsibility to assist in an emergency when other bystanders are present.
Impression Management
Tendency of individuals to select carefully what information they reveal about their attitudes, depending on how they think such information will affect their image in the eyes of others.
Conformity
Tendency to change or modify behaviors so that they are consistent with those of other people.
Halo Effect
Tendency to inter other positive or negative traits from our perception of one trait in another person.
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to overestimate dispositional (internal) causes and to underestimate situational (external) causes of behavior.
Ingroup Bias
Tendency to see one's own group in a favorable light.
Primacy Effect
Term used to describe the phenomenon that the first information we receive about a person often has the greatest influence on our perceptions of that person.
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Test that attempts to measure the strength of associations between groups of people, specific individuals, policies, and products and the concepts of "good" and "bad".
True
The halo effect would predict that you perceive a well-mannered child as more attractive than his less-polite identical twin.
Attitude Object
The less familiar a person is with an ________________________, the more likely he or she is to conform.
Ethology
The scientific study of the evolution of animal behavior including humans.
the ingroup bias
The slogan from the youth movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, "Don't trust anyone over 30," is an example of which of the following?
Stereotype Threat
The tendency to conform to negative stereotypes.
Reciprocity
The tendency to respond to others in a way similar to how they respond to, or treat, us.
Attribution
The theory that describes how one decides if another person's behavior is a result of internal or external factors is the ________ theory.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory that people experience psychological discomfort or dissonance whenever cognitions and behaviors are in conflict.
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Theory that aggression is always a consequence of frustration, and that frustration leads to aggression.
Covariation Principle
Theory that our attributions about people's behavior are influenced by the situations in which the behavior occurs, the persons involved, and the stimuli or objects towards which the behavior is directed.
Correspondent Inference Theory
Theory that the attributions we make about other people's behavior are influenced by a variety of conditions, such as the social desirability of that behavior or whether the behavior results from free choice.
Attribution Theory
Theory that we attempt to make sense out of other people's behavior by attributing it to either dispositional (internal) causes or external (situational) causes.
The primacy effect
To what are first impressions most directly related to?
Social Perception
Way in which we perceive, evaluate, categorize, and form judgments about the qualities of other people.
ingroup
We divide our world into two groups of people, "us" and "them." You and I belong to the _______.
Men place greater value on physical attractiveness than women.
What did cross-cultural study of sex differences in mate selection find?
Balance
When people that we dislike do not agree with us, we probably will be in a state of _______.
When that behavior is focused on achieving a unique outcome that would unlikely occur as the result of some other behavior
When would you be most likely to attribute a person's behavior to a correspondent inference or dispositional cause?
a stereotype threat
Which of the following are individuals who conform to negative stereotypes associated with their group exemplifying?
In order for frustration to result in aggression, a readiness to act aggressively and environmental cues must both be present.
Which of the following describes the most recent revision of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
All species have an "aggressive instinct." There is survival value associated with aggression directed toward members of the same species. Unlike most other species, humans do not have an innate inhibition that prevents them from killing other humans.
Which of the following does Lorenz believe?
high self-esteem
Which personality trait is not included in the profile of the authoritarian personality?
an architectural draftsman
Who would be least likely to exhibit conforming behavior in Asch's experiment involving line-comparison judgments?
Balance Theory
___________________________ suggests that if you like your roommate, you would also like his or her boyfriend or girlfriend.