Chapter 11

In the mid-1700s what were most machines powered by?

Moving water.

What was the impact of the Erie Canal?

The Erie Canal helped grow both the population and the economy of New York City, making it one of the biggest and most important cities in the U.S.

What happened as an affect of the Erie Canal's success?

The Erie Canal's success did not go unnoticed. By 1850, the country had more than 3,600 miles (5,794 km) of canals. Canals lowered shipping costs and brought prosperity to towns along their routes. They also linked regions of a growing country.

The change of form of working was said to be a revolution. What was this revolution called?

The Industrial Revolution.

For what reason did many western families gather?

Western families often gathered together for social events.

What is free enterprise?

When people are free to work wherever they wish and to buy, sell, and produce whatever they want.

Monroe Doctrine

Warning to European nations not to interfere in the Americas.

What were the three parts of the American System?

1.) Establish a protective tariff. 2.) Establish a national bank. 3.) Improve the country's transportation systems.

Who was asked to build a power steamboat in 1802? Who asked him?

Robert Fulton; Robert Livingston

Why had the Industrial Revolution begun in New England when it had reached America? (There are three reasons)

1) Because of the area's poor soil, the farmers were willing to give up their jobs easier, which meant there were more people to work in the mills 2) Because New England has a lot of rivers, those body of moving water could power all the mills 3) Because New England had many ports, which allowed increased shipping of goods

What is a patent?

A document that gives an inventor the sole legal right to make money from an invention for a certain period of time.

"Era of Good Feelings"

A period of few political differences.

Tariff

A tax on goods imported from foreign countries.

Convention of 1818

A treaty between Great Britain and the U.S., which established the 49th parallel of latitude as the boundary between the U.S. and British Canada.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

A treaty between Great Britain and the U.S., which limited the number of warships on the Great Lakes.

Adams-Onis Treaty

A treaty between Spain and the U.S., in which Spain sold Florida to the U.S. and gave up claims to the Oregon Territory.

What is a corporation?

A type of business that has many owners.

Erie Canal

A water route between New York City and Lake Erie, which open the Northwest Territory to settlement and trade.

How was the Erie canal inaugurated?

After more than eight years of hard work, the Erie Canal opened on October 26, 1825. Clinton, who was now governor of New York, boarded a barge in Buffalo and traveled on the canal to Albany. From there he sailed down the Hudson River to New York City. As crowds cheered, officials poured water from Lake Erie into the Atlantic Ocean

Missouri Compromise

Agreement that temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the territories.

What did the workers build as well?

Along the way, they built a series of locks, separate compartments in which workers could raise or lower the water level. The locks worked like an escalator to raise and lower boats up and down hills.

Canal

An artificial waterway

What boats were and were not allowed on the Erie Canal?

At first, the Erie Canal did not allow steamboats because their powerful engines could damage the canal's earthen banks. Instead, teams of mules or horses hauled the boats and barges.

Where did most people live?

At that time, most of these people still lived in the narrow strip of land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean.

What did the Western settlers "bring" with them?

At the same time, these new settlers brought with them many of the same hopes and dreams held by people in the East. In this way, the western migration of American pioneers helped spread an American culture and way of life.

Second Bank of the U.S.

Bank established by Congress, which served as the nation's national bank.

What did Boone's crew do to make it easier for migrants?

Boone's crew widened Warriors' Path, cleared rocks from the Cumberland Gap, cut down trees in Kentucky, and marked the trail. The new Wilderness Road, as it came to be known, served as the main southern highway from the eastern states to the West.

What is capital?

Buildings, land, money, and other items used to create wealth.

What plan did business and government officials develop to combat the problem of major river?

Business and government officials led by DeWitt Clinton in New York developed a plan to connect New York City with the Great Lakes region. They would build a canal across the state. The canal would connect the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie. From these points, existing rivers and lakes could connect a much wider area.

What was a drawback of canal building?

Canal building was a hazardous task. Many workers died as a result of cave-ins or blasting accidents. Another threat was disease, which bred in the swamps where the workers toiled.

How did the building of roads and canals help the nation grow?

Canals helped goods get transported over long distances, growing the nation's economy. Also, it unified regions.

How did Congress view the road?

Congress viewed the road as vital to military readiness but did not take on any other road-building projects.

Who improved upon Samuel Slater's idea? How did he do it? What was this system called?

Francis Cabot Lowell; He had both thread-making machines and cloth-making machines, so he could start with cotton, and end with cloth; A factory system.

Who asked to build the Erie Canal? What was his political role?

DeWitt Clinton; Governor of New York

Because of the increase of cotton, what happened to the demand of enslaved people?

Demand for slaves rose.

James Monroe

Democratic-Republican president of the United States.

Most early American cities didn't have sewers, what was the result of this?

Disease.

Why did early pioneer families settle in communities along the great rivers?

Early pioneer families often settled in communities along the great rivers, such as the Ohio and the Mississippi. These waterways provided a highway for shipping crops and other goods to markets. The growth of canals also helped expand the area open to settlement. Canals allowed people to settle on lands farther from the large rivers

What are the four main elements of a free enterprise system?

Economic freedom, profit, private property, and competition.

Who was Daniel Boone?

Explorer and pioneer Daniel Boone was among the early western pioneers.

John Marshall

Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

What was a common thing that would happen among the wooden city buildings?

Fires.

What significant act did Samuel Slater commit?

He memorized British machines and brought their blueprints back to America.

American System

Henry Clay's plan for economic development.

Where did Boone explore in his first expedition?

In 1769 he explored a Native American trail through the Appalachian Mountains. Called Warriors' Path, it led Boone through a break in the mountains—the Cumberland Gap. Beyond the gap lay the gentle hills of a land now called Kentucky. For two years, Boone explored the area's dense forests and lush meadows.

Where did Boone explore in his second expedition? Why?

In 1775 Boone rounded up 30 skilled foresters to make the trail easier to cross for pioneers migrating west.

What did the first census in 1790 reveal?

In 1790 the first census revealed that there were nearly 4 million Americans.

Who did Robert Livingston hire? Why?

In 1802 Robert Livingston, a political and business leader, hired Robert Fulton to build a steamboat with a powerful engine. Livingston wanted the steamboat to carry cargo and passengers up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany.

When did Fulton launch his steamboat? Where did it go on its maiden voyage?

In 1807 Fulton launched his steamboat, the Clermont. The boat made the 150-mile (241 km) trip from New York City to Albany in 32 hours. Using only sails, the trip would have taken four days.

What was being used to power boats? What drawbacks did this engine have?

In the 1780s and 1790s, boat captains were already using steam engines to power boats in quiet waters. These early engines, however, did not have enough power to overcome the strong currents and winds found in large rivers, lakes, or oceans.

What is capitalism?

Individuals and businesses own property and decide how to use it.

People started to ____ in new businesses.

Invest.

What did the cotton gin do?

It quickly and easily removed the seeds from picked cotton.

What was were drawbacks of Western town life? Why were the pioneers okay with them?

Life in the West did not have many of the conveniences of Eastern town life. The pioneers had not traveled to the West to live a pampered life. They wanted to make new lives for themselves and their families.

In the Northeast, farmers sold their goods ______?

Locally.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to the interests of one's own region rather than to the nation as a whole.

What are interchangeable parts?

Making multiple model of goods that all have identical, 'interchangeable' parts.

Describe the way the roads were designed.

Many roads had a base of crushed stone. In some areas workers built "corduroy roads." These roads had a surface made up of logs laid side by side, like the ridges of corduroy cloth.

What activities did Western families participate in?

Men took part in sports such as wrestling. Women met for quilting and sewing parties. Both men and women took part in cornhuskings. These were gatherings where farm families shared the work of stripping the outer layers from corn.

What effect did this have on the people moving west?

More than 100,000 people traveled it between 1775 and 1790.

What did the growth of factories and trade lead to?

New towns and cities.

What addition did the United States make in 1803?

Ohio became a state in 1803.

In the colonial times, where did most people in America live?

On farms.

Where did most cities develop?

On rivers and streams.

The introduction of machines also a introduced a different form of labor, what was this?

People began to be paid by wages and could now move off farms, to work mills.

With whom did people prefer to settle with?

People often preferred to settle with others from their original homes. It was mainly people from Tennessee and Kentucky who settled Indiana, for example. Michigan's pioneers came mostly from New England.

What did many private companies build?

Private companies built many turnpikes with tolls. The tolls helped pay the cost of building them.

How did railroads impact the use of canals?

Railroads began to devour the usage of canals. Soon, travel by canal would be rendered obsolete due to the railroads fast speeds.

John C. Calhoun

Representative from South Carolina who favored an improved interstate transportation system.

What drawbacks did river travel have?

River travel had two big drawbacks, however. First, most major rivers in the eastern region flowed in a north-south direction, while most people and goods were headed east or west. Second, while traveling downstream was easy, moving upstream against the current was slow.

What was an improvement from travel on road? What benefits did this travel have?

River travel was far more comfortable than travel by road, which was often rough and bumpy. Also, boats or river barges could carry far larger loads of farm products or other goods.

Turnpike

Road on which tolls are collected

Lock

Separate compartment in which water levels rise and fall in order to raise or lower boats on a canal

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House of Representatives and political leader from Kentucky.

How were steamboats limited?

Steamboats improved transportation but were limited to major rivers. No such river linked the East and the West.

Describe the use of steamboats and their purpose.

Steamboats ushered in a new age of river travel. Shipping goods and moving people became cheaper and faster. Regular steamboat service began along the Mississippi River, between New Orleans and Natchez, Mississippi, in 1812. Steamboats also contributed to the growth of river cities such as Cincinnati and St. Louis. By 1850, some 700 steamboats were carrying cargo and passengers within the United States.

What did companies sell in order to raise money and build factories and expand their business?

Stock.

Marbury v. Maryland

Supreme Court decision in which the Court claimed the right of judicial review.

What was at the heart of the Industrial Revolution?

Technology

Where were many people moving?

That pattern, however, was changing. For years, a few rugged American settlers had been crossing the Appalachian Mountains and settling in western lands. Now, a steady stream of settlers began moving west.

Many farmers focused on on raising pork and cash crops such as corn and wheat.

That's just a fact. I didn't know how to phrase a question for that :p

What amenities did the Clermont have?

The Clermont offered many comforts. Passengers could sit or stroll on deck or relax in sleeping compartments below deck. The engine was noisy, but its power provided a smooth ride.

Gibbons v. Ogden

The Court ruled that only the federal government, not the state governments, could regulate interstate commerce.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The Court upheld federal authority by ruling that a state could not tax a national bank.

What new states were added to the United States between 1791 and 1803?

The United States added four new states between 1791 and 1803—Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.

What did Eli Whitney invent?

The cotton gin and interchangeable parts.

National Road

The country's main east-west route.

Nationalism

The feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward a country.

What did the addition of states like Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio show?

The formation of new states reflected the dramatic growth of the region west of the Appalachians. In 1800 only 387,000 white settlers lived west of the Appalachian Mountains. By 1820, that number had grown to more than 2.4 million people. Ohio, for example, had only 45,000 settlers in 1800. By 1820, it had 581,000 residents.

What was the goal of the American System?

The goal of the American System was to prosper and grow the country by itself, without foreign goods or markets.

What did the nation need for travel? Why?

The nation needed good inland roads for travel and to ship goods.

What did Ohio ask the federal government to build? Why? Did the government approve it?

The new state asked the federal government to build a road to connect it with the East. In 1806 Congress approved funds for a national road to the West, though it took five more years for members to agree on the route.

Census

The official count of a population

What did the new road follow?

The route closely followed that of a military road George Washington had built in 1754. The National Road eventually reached Ohio and then Vandalia, Illinois.

What new states were added to the United States between 1816 and 1821?

Then, between 1816 and 1821, Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, and Missouri also became states.

Why had southern farmers started moving west?

There was an increased demand for cotton, and since more and more people were planting cotton, farmers were looking for new land to plant their cotton.

In colonial times how did people receive goods such clothing and furniture?

They made the goods themselves.

What was built at Clinton's command?

Thousands of workers, many of them Irish immigrants, helped build the 363-mile (584 km) Erie Canal.

Andrew Jackson

U.S. general who invaded Spanish Florida in pursuit of the Seminole Indians.

When did the work for the new Western road begin? When did it open?

Work began in 1811 in Cumberland, Maryland. The start of the War of 1812 with Great Britain halted construction. As a result, the road's first section, which ran from Maryland to Wheeling in present-day West Virginia, did not open until 1818.