Chapter 11

Alcohols are colorless hydrocarbons with one or more (blank) functional groups.

-OH

The kilogray is equal to (blank) grays.

1000

Which of the pressure/temperature combinations is the most efficient for autoclaving?

15 psi and 121C

All non-heat resistant forms of bacteria, yeasts, molds, protozoa, worms and viruses are destroyed by exposure to 80οC for which minimum amount of time?

20 minutes

The temperatures used in incineration must usually be above which of the following? Multiple choice question. 1000C 800C 60000C

800C

HEPA filters are used to sterilize which of the following? Multiple choice question. Instruments Liquids Air

Air

(blank) are organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon.

Aldehydes

(blank) spectrum action is a desirable characteristic of a germicide.

Broad

True or false: Halogens are only microbistatic.

False: Halogens are microbicidal and can be sporicidal with longer exposure times.

True or false: Ionizing radiation is not an effective method of controlling microbes in food products.

False: Ionizing radiation destroys bacterial pathogens in food

What is the process of straining a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms? Multiple choice question. Pasteurization Radiation Filtration

Filtration

The (blank) method of pasteurization uses higher temperatures for a duration of seconds.

Flash

(blank) is a 37% solution of formaldehyde gas dissolved in water.

Formalin

(blank) is a method for preserving microorganisms (and other substances) by freezing and then drying them directly from the frozen state.

Lyophilization

Which of the following processes avoids the formation of ice crystals, which can damage cells? Multiple choice question. Lyophilization Freezing Dessication

Lyophilization

The process of degermation usually involves which of the following?

Mechanical scrubbing Immersion in chemicals

When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed their maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as which of the following?

Microbicidal

(blank) heat works primarily by denaturing proteins.

Moist

What must be added to increase the temperature of steam? Gases Solvents Solutes Pressure

Pressure

Sterilization is achieved using an autoclave for which of the following reasons? Multiple choice question. The heat inside of the chamber is at a temperature over 10000C. It is used over a period of hours to ensure proper killing of all microbes. Pressure in the chamber increases the temperature of the steam.

Pressure in the chamber increases the temperature of the steam.

Chlorhexidine targets the cell membrane by lowering surface tension and causes the denaturation of (blank)

Proteins

Which of the following is a microorganism that can survive at low temperatures? Multiple choice question. Thermophile Mesophile Psychrotroph Anaerobe

Psychrotroph

(blank) used for microbial control includes electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths.

Radiation

Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes?

Radiation Heat Filtration

Aniline dyes are used for which of the following? Multiple choice question. Water disinfection Oral antibiotic therapy Fomite disinfection Skin infections

Skin infections

Which type of material cannot be penetrated by non-ionizing radiation? Multiple choice question. Liquids Gases Solids

Solids

Which microbes are resistant to the harmful effects of high temperature? Multiple choice question. Psychrophilic Most pathogenic Thermoduric Mesophilic

Thermoduric

Why aren't bromine and fluorine routinely used in germicidal preparations? They do not exist in the nonionic state. They are ineffective. They are hard to isolate. They are dangerous.

They are dangerous.

What property of phenolics contributes to their usefulness? Multiple choice question. They continue to work in the presence of organic matter. They have a very low level of toxicity. They are non-irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. They are reliably sporicidal.

They continue to work in the presence of organic matter.

Which form of light has low penetration value so, therefore, is considered useful as a disinfectant and not a sterilizer?

UV

Which of the following disinfection methods is desirable for air treatment? Multiple choice question. Heat/flame UV light Misting chemicals

UV light

Which environmental conditions make chlorine unstable? Multiple select question. Cold UV light Alkaline pH

UV light Alkaline pH

Which environmental conditions make chlorine unstable? Multiple select question. UV light Cold Alkaline pH

UV light Alkaline pH

Which describes glutaraldehyde? Multiple choice question. Brown liquid Yellow liquid Brown gas Yellow gas

Yellow liquid

Radiation is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the (blank blank)

electromagnetic spectrum

Irradiation

exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays

Lyophilization

freeze drying

HEPA stands for

high efficiency particulate air filter

Selected substances that cannot withstand the temperatures of an autoclave can be subjected to (blank) sterilization known as tyndallization.

intermittent

Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called (blank) solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol solutions are called (blank)

Aqueous, Tinctures

ETO is a strong alkylating agent that does which of the following? Multiple select question. Blocks enzymatic reactions Blocks carbohydrate synthesis Blocks DNA synthesis Blocks phospholipid synthesis

Blocks enzymatic reactions Blocks DNA synthesis

Which of the following is a recommended method for disinfecting unsafe drinking water? Multiple choice question. Tyndallization Incineration Boiling Pasteurization

Boiling

Non-ionizing radiation works to damage cells by which of the following? Multiple choice question. By causing lysis by weakening their walls By causing DNA mutations By causing the production of lethal materials By making their membranes leaky

By causing DNA mutations

Another name for phenol is (blank) acid.

Carbolic

Most microbial cells can produce which of the following to inactivate hydrogen peroxide? Multiple choice question. Water Coagulase Catalase Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Catalase

How do surfactants work to destroy microorganisms?

Cause leaky membranes

Which two alcohols are effective in microbial control?

Ethyl Isopropyl

Which of following are the two aldehydes used most often in microbial control? Multiple choice question. Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde Glutaraldehyde and formalin Formalin and formaldehyde

Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde

The (blank) are a group of nonmetallic elements with antimicrobial applications, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Halogens

Which are goals of pasteurization? Multiple select question. Reduction of microbial load Destruction of endospores Retention of liquid qualities Sterilization of liquid

Reduction of microbial load Retention of liquid qualities

Which of the following vegetative bacterial cells is more resistant to moist heat? Multiple choice question. Staphylococcus aureus Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following are uses for BPL? Multiple select question. Sanitize skin before surgery Sterilize bone grafts Disinfect whole rooms Inactivate viruses in vaccines

Sterilize bone grafts Disinfect whole rooms Inactivate viruses in vaccines

Denaturation of a protein occurs when which of the following structures are disrupted?

Tertiary Secondary

Which of the following devices emits ionizing rays? Multiple select question. Cathode ray machines X-ray machines Ultraviolet lamps Gamma ray machines

Cathode ray machines X-ray machines Gamma ray machines

Antimicrobial agents affect microbial DNA in what ways?

Cause mutations Inhibit replication Prevent transcription

Which is the major cellular structure affected by alcohols? Multiple choice question. Cell membrane Ribosomes Flagella Cell wall

Cell membrane

Which of the following is the antiseptic cleanser of choice to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals? Multiple choice question. Chlorhexidine Ethanol Iodine compounds Hydrochloric acid Phenolics

Chlorhexidine

Which is not a form of chlorine typically used in microbial control? Multiple choice question. Gaseous chlorine Chloramine Hypochlorite Liquid chlorine Chloride

Chloride

Because of our perception of temperature, irradiation is considered a what type of sterilization? Multiple choice question. Hot Moist Dry Cold

Cold

pyrimidine dimers

DNA mutations that result from UV exposure

Iodine compounds typically kill microbes due to which of the following? Multiple choice question. Inhibiting RNA synthesis Disrupting the cell membrane Denaturing proteins Inhibiting protein synthesis Causing mutations in DNA

Denaturing proteins

Moist heat works mostly by which of the following ways?

Denaturing proteins

Which term describes the removal of water that can lead to the death of some microbes? Multiple choice question. Hydrolysis Condensation Desiccation

Desiccation

UV light can cause pyrimidine (blank) to form in the genomes of microbes.

Dimers

Usually, UV rays are used for which of the following?

Disinfection

A 50% concentration of alcohol usually affects microbes by doing which of the following? Multiple choice question. Disrupting cell membranes Inhibiting RNA synthesis Inhibiting DNA replication Disrupting cell walls

Disrupting cell membranes

Glutaraldehyde typically kills microbes by which method? Multiple select question. Inhibiting RNA synthesis Disrupting enzyme function Altering amino acids Producing toxic radicals

Disrupting enzyme function Altering amino acids

Phenolics typically kill microbes by which of the following methods? Multiple select question. Disrupting the cell membrane Causing mutations in DNA Inhibiting protein synthesis Inhibiting RNA synthesis Disrupting the cell wall Denaturing metabolic enzymes

Disrupting the cell membrane Disrupting the cell wall Denaturing metabolic enzymes

What are the effects of 100% alcohol on cells?

Disruption of cell membranes Inhibition of growth

(blank) heat works by dehydrating the cell and/or oxidizing it to ashes.

Dry

What is adjusted when autoclaving large, bulky loads instead of light loads? Multiple choice question. Temperature Duration Concentration Pressure

Duration

Tyndallization, or intermittent sterilization, is used to process which of the following?

Heat-sensitive media Canned foods

Which type of germicide is used to treat medical devices in contact with membranes? Multiple choice question. Intermediate High Low

Intermediate

(blank) is the process of bombardment with radiation at the cellular level to control microbes.

Irradiation

What is the main disadvantage of using formalin?

It has a high level of toxicity.

Why is ethylene oxide considered an acceptable chemical sterilant? Multiple choice question. It works by blocking protein synthesis. It is very fast-acting. It is reliably sporicidal. It is non-irritating to the skin.

It is reliably sporicidal.

Which is an advantage of glutaraldehyde? Multiple select question. It is reliably sporicidal. It has a low level of toxicity. It can be used on plastics. It is highly stable in the environment.

It is reliably sporicidal. It has a low level of toxicity. It can be used on plastics.

In what unit is radiation measured? Multiple choice question. Volts Kilograys Watts Meters

Kilograys

(blank) heat operates at lower temperatures for shorter times than (blank) heat which requires higher temps and longer exposure times for the same effectiveness.

Moist, dry

The flash method of pasteurization is used to remove which species of bacteria from liquids? Multiple select question. Mycobacterium Staphylococcus Proteus Coxiella

Mycobacterium Coxiella

Which term describes pasteurized milk? Multiple choice question. Nonsterile Sterile

Nonsterile

Which are examples of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials? Multiple select question. Pasteurization Autoclaving Incineration Hot air oven Boiling

Pasteurization Autoclaving Boiling

Which of the following is the biggest disadvantage in the use of boiling water for disinfection? Multiple choice question. The inability to kill resistant bacteria The danger to the person involved The quick recontamination of items The limitations of use in the home

The quick recontamination of items

Which are disadvantages to the use of quats? Multiple select question. They are unstable at room conditions. They are usually irritating to the skin. Their effectiveness is lowered by the presence of organics. They are unreliable against resistant bacteria.

Their effectiveness is lowered by the presence of organics. They are unreliable against resistant bacteria.

Which of the following is a type of non-ionizing radiation? Multiple choice question. Ultraviolet rays High-speed electrons X-rays Cathode rays Gamma rays

Ultraviolet rays

Which of the following describes dry heat?

Very high temperatures Low moisture

Phenolics typically kill microbes by disrupting the cell (blank) or (blank)

Wall, membrane

Desiccation can preserve foods by reducing the availability of which element/compound to microbes necessary for their metabolism? Multiple choice question. Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

Water

Radiation of pork products can reduce the number of Trichinella, which are what type of microbe? Multiple choice question. Protozoan Virus Bacterium Worm

Worm

Yellow acridine dyes are used for which of the following? Multiple select question. Fomite disinfection Antisepsis Air treatment Wound treatment

Wound treatment Antisepsis