Chapter 11

In July, 1848, women's rights advocates voted on and passed a __________ advocating specific social and legal changes for women.

Declaration of Sentiments

Minister Charles Grandison Finney was controversial for all of the following reasons except:

He emphasized the Presbyterian belief in original sin.

The robust economy of the United States drew increasing numbers of immigrants from Europe in the 1820s through the 1840s. The largest group by far came from

Ireland

All of the following statements about the Benevolent Empire are true except:

Its loose network of charities and organizations did not express itself in religious terms.

From the 1820s to the 1840s, middle-class readers devoured publications that celebrated the self-made American; for example, __________ celebrated the pioneer in his Leatherstocking Tales.

James Fenimore Cooper

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was founded by __________ in 1830; this person preached that God had made known his intentions for the imminent "latter days" of creation in golden tablets revealed by the angel Moroni.

Joseph Smith Jr.

The seasoned Quaker abolitionist __________ and the much younger Elizabeth Cady Stanton were two of the five women who arranged the convention on women's rights that produced the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848

Lucretia Mott

In a series of six sermons preached in 1825, __________ changed the debate over alcohol: he did not call for absolute abstinence from hard liquor (as had Quakers and Methodists), and he inveighed on his followers to form voluntary associations to drive the demon rum from American society

Lyman Beacher

In his 1841 essay "Self-Reliance," __________ supported the power of the independent mind not only to understand the material environment but to achieve a spiritual wholeness with the world; he tried to distinguish true independence of mind from slavish rushing after preferment and celebrity.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalists such __________ as believed in the power of the independent mind not only to understand the material environment but also to achieve a spiritual wholeness with the world.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Catharine Sedgwick's novel __________ romanticized urban poverty and suggested that "true wealth" (virtue) lay within the reach of even the most humble family, if only they worked hard.

Rich man, poor man

The first temperance society was formed in 1808 in

Saratoga, New York

The first temperance society was formed in 1808 in __________; by 1834 there were at least 5,000 state and local temperance societies

Saratoga, New York

The __________ saw the birth of an organized women's rights movement

Seneca Falls Convention

In July 1848, abolitionist women spearheaded a drive for an organized women's rights movement, holding a convention in

Seneca Falls, New York

__________ journeyed from city to city through Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts to condemn the "tyranny," "avarice," and "exclusive privilege" that drove American industry.

Seth Luther

The list of resolutions passed by the July 1848 convention on women's rights included all of the following except

a demand for the right to vote

What most distinguished Irish immigrants from other members of United States populace during the early nineteenth century?

adb

In the first years of the republic, Americans tended to think of crime as a problem of __________, not __________; fair laws would nurture good republican character, and good republican citizens would respect laws they had a hand in passing

bad laws; flawed individual character

In her 1837 Essay on Slavery and Abolition, Catharine Beecher accused female abolitionists of

being motivated by unwomanly ambition.

__________ became the primary symbol of urban middle-class respectability in the 1830s

domestic womanhood

By the 1830s, master craftsmen often distributed discrete takes to outworkers; this subdividing of labor increased workers' wages and improved the economy.

false

Early calls for a free public education system were immediately met with unanimous support among the wealthy and the working classes alike.

false

Much of the internal migration of the 1830s and 1840s involved city dwellers moving to rural farmlands.

false

Penal reform grew out of the anti-Slavery movement.

false

Striking workers accomplished immediate and long-lasting labor reform in the 1830s.

false

The "daughters of freemen" were the abolitionist offspring of freed slaves.

false

The temperance movement enjoyed immediate widespread support.

false

Two of the most divisive reform movements were abolition and millennialism

false

Urban households of moderate means were virtually immune to catastrophic economic reversals in the new industrial economy of the 1830s.

false

The new urban middle class of the 1830s tended to receive their income in the form of __________, rather than __________

fees and salaries; wages

The paid workers of the 1830s urban middle class were employed in jobs that required __________ labor, rather than __________ labor

mental; physical

In the late 1830s, educational reformer Horace Mann reassured middle-class parents that relying on an extrafamilial institution such as the common school was both right and natural; he also argued that

only the lack of education barred the poor from prosperity

The new style of incarceration, where inmates were expected to be reformed, were called

penitentiaries

From the 1820s on, the solution to the increasing crime rate that enjoyed the greatest popularity was the establishment of state prison systems. These systems operated by variants on a single principle: the first step toward the rehabilitation of prisoners was to

prevent inmates from influencing one another

The formation of the Working Men's Party implied that workers remained optimistic that reforms could occur but also that workers

remained skeptical that the existing political parties would be responsive to their concerns.

In the 1830s, American reformers began to refocus their efforts away from broad programs of social perfection to endeavors that centered on __________ and external restraint

self-control

The results of wage dependency and the subdivision of labor that marked urban life in the 1830s included

stratification of neighborhoods by class.

The new urban middle class described the industrial economy as a test of personal character: success demonstrated __________ and __________

superior individual industriousness; self discipline

In the late 1840s, labor movements began to focus their efforts on legislative reform; the __________ reemerged as a central point of labor organizing

ten-hour workday

The American Bible Society is an example of a network of charities and associations called?

the Benevolent Empire

The most enduring of the early-19 century millenarian communities is

the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons).

One of the earliest covenanted societies, initially led by Ann Lee, was

the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing (the shakers)

Lyman Beecher, pastor of the prestigious Hanover Street Presbyterian Church in Boston, predicted that

the final battle of the Christ and the Antichrist would take place in the American West.

As a group, the urban middle class of the 1830s was profoundly religiously oriented and embraced the doctrines of personal agency.

true

By 1830, evangelical benevolence had given rise to a Sunday school movement and a movement to prohibit the delivery of mail on the Christian Sabbath.

true

Ezra Stiles Ely (chaplain of the Society for Supporting the Gospel) and other city missionaries believed that they could not save people who were not chosen by God, but they believed that the elect could be found even among the poor.

true

Followers of George Rapp, founder of the separatist community of Harmony, rejected the private ownership of property and believed that it was the responsibility of the truly devout to amass great material wealth to put at the disposal of Jesus Christ upon his return to earth.

true

In the winter of 1835/1836, journeymen tailors went on strike; union leaders were then arrested and jailed, prompting the labor press to declare the courts as "tools of the aristocracy." The incident eventually led to the formation of the Equal Rights Party.

true

Middle-class advocates of public school education wanted schooling for both daughters and sons.

true

The "Declaration of Sentiments" demanded specific social and legal changes related to women's rights.

true

The constant, restless migration of Americans westward provoked alarm among the eastern, urban middle class.

true

The first state Board of Education was created in Massachusetts.

true

The organizing of laborers that began in the 1820s exploded in the 1830s among craft workers and workers long excluded from craft recognition.

true

Until the 1850s, free African American children were excluded from public common schools, and public school tax monies were not used to establish schools for them.

true

In the late 1830s, women could raise money, lobby, and speak in the effort to bring about social reform, but they could not perform the new essential act of reform, __________

voting

Separatist communities sought to create more perfect societies on earth, an effort they undertook by _______ and instituting tightly controlled spiritual, social, and economic regimens

withdrawing from daily contract with their neighbors

Abolition leaders believed that outspoken, assertive __________ were an embarrassment to the movement

women

In the antebellum era, the young women who had worked and marched at Lowell began to describe themselves as ________ and in that identity edged closer to claiming an independent status as citizens

"daughters of freemen"

The myth of the self-made American highlighted the importance of childrearing and instructed women on the development of proper mental and moral habits in the young, but it also emphasized female self-reliance, as in Catharine Sedgwick's 1827 novel __________.

A New-England Tale