Chapter 11

Which of the following diseases is directly related to demyelination?

multiple sclerosis

The movement of which ion through leakage channels establishes the negative membrane potential?

potassium

What color is arbor vitae?

white

What is a Refractory period?

...

What is a resting potential?

...

What is depolarization?

...

What is repolarization?

...

What is the difference in direct and indirect-acting neurotransmitters?

...

What is a neurotransmitter?

A chemical used for neuronal communication with the body and the brain

What is the reticular formation?

A group of nerve fibers located inside the brainstem

What are Nissl bodies?

A large granular body found in neurons found at the site of protein synthesis.

reverberating circuit

A neural circuit in which a single impulse is transmitted over and over is a ________.

the membrane potential has been reestablished

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.

What is the corpus striatum?

A structure located in the forebrain and part of the basal ganglia

Where is the ventral root?

A type of nerve root that branches off the spinal cord, exits the spinal column, and continues on its path to specific areas of the body.

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurotransmitters?

Chemical

Voltage would be measured by placing one electrode inside the membrane and another outside the membrane.

Choose the statement that is most correct about membrane potential.

ependymal cells

Ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid are called ________.

ganglia

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

What is fact memory?

Declarative Memory. Entails learning explicit information and is related to our concious thoughts and our language ability.

open ion channels to provoke rapid responses

Direct-acting neurotransmitters ________.

Which layer is outermost?

Dura Mater

Which of the following is NOT true of efferent neurons?

Efferent neurons are bipolar.

help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cells ________.

What is long term memory?

Has limitless capacity where automatic memory is stored

the impulse would spread bidirectionally

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________.

potassium

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?

negatively charged and contains less sodium

In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________.

Where is the gray matter of the spinal cord?

Inside

What do Broca's area function for?

Language production and processing

What do Wernicke's area function for?

Language recognition and interpretation

Is the internal environment of a cell more negatively or positively charged than the external environment?

Negatively

are crucial for the development of neural connections

Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of neurons?

Neurons are relatively small, simple-structured cells.

Group C fibers are not capable of saltatory conduction.

Neurons may be classified according to several characteristics. Which of the following is correct?

What is the difference between the clusters of cell bodies called nuclei and those known as ganglia?

Nuclei exist in the CNS, ganglia in the PNS.

Where is the white matter of the spinal cord?

On the surface

What is the amygdala associated with?

Regulating emotions

Which part of the action potential occurs when the Na+ channels are inactivating and K+ channels open?

Repolarization

What is short term memory?

STM or working memory. Lasts seconds to hours and is limited to 7 to 8 pieces of information.

the myelin sheath

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing.

Select the correct statement about serial processing.

The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.

Select the correct statement about synapses.

Which of the following is NOT a structural classification of neurons?

Sensory

What are the spaces between the meninges called?

Subdural or subarachnoid

axon

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.

a dendrite

The part of the neuron that normally receives stimuli is called ________.

absolute refractory period

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________.

destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axonal endings

The role of acetylcholinesterase is to ________.

neurilemma

The sheath of Schwann is also called the ________.

pumps three sodium ions outside the cell and two potassium ions inside

The sodium-potassium pump ________.

What is the primary difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

The somatic nervous system allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system controls activity that humans cannot consciously control, such as the pumping of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive tract.

Which of the following are the main receptive or input regions found in neurons?

dendrites

Which of the following circuit types is exemplified by impulses that travel from a single neuron of the brain, activate one hundred or more motor neurons in the spinal cord, and excite thousands of skeletal muscle fibers?

diverging circuits

Which of the following types of glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, where they help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid?

ependymal cells

Which type of ion channel opens when a chemical binds to it?

leakage channels

What makes up the brain stem?

midbrain, pons, medulla

Which of the following is NOT a function of the myelin sheath?

o recapture and recycle released neurotransmitters

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions of?

sensory-somatic and autonomic nervous systems

What does the central sulcus separate?

the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Which criterion is used to structurally classify neurons?

the number of processes extending from their cell body

Which of the following membrane ion channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential?

voltage-gated channels

How do direct and indirect-acting neurotransmitters work?

...

association neuron

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.

converging circuit

A neuronal circuit that concentrates or directs a large number of incoming impulses to a rather small number of neurons is called a(n) ________.

acetylcholine

An excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle is ________.

Which layer is middle?

Arachnoid

What does the corpus striatum function in?

Controlling movement that plays a role in motivation and rewards.

Are there more or less sodium ions inside a resting cell?

Less

astrocytes

Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.

synapse

The point at which an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is the ________.

brain and spinal cord

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

generator potential

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.

Where would you expect to find arbor vitae?

cerebellar white matter

An action potential is a phenomenon that either happens completely or doesn't happen at all.

True

Dendrites and axons are both armlike processes that extend from cell bodies.

True

What is skill memory?

Usually involves motor skills and acquired only through practice

group C fibers

Which group of fibers spreads impulses at up to 1 meter per second?

nitric oxide

Which of the following is a good example of a neuromodulator?

Current is directly proportional to the voltage

Which of the following is correct relative to Ohm's law?

innervation of skeletal muscle

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

synaptic cleft

Which of the following is not a structural feature of a neuron?

Some ions are prevented from moving down their concentration gradients by ATP-driven pumps.

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?

A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

Na

Which of these ions is actively transported through the cell membrane to establish a resting potential?

Serotonin

________ is an indolamine.

Which of the following types of glial cells are the most abundant and versatile, and aid in making exchanges between capillaries and neurons?

astrocytes

Which layer is innermost?

Pia mater

increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point

All of the following are true of graded potentials except that they ________.

What is the effect of acetylcholinesterase on acetylcholine?

An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) prevents the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, thereby increasing the duration

is essential for impulse propagation

An action potential ________.

hyperpolarization

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.

found in the retina of the eye

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

What is the difference between nerves and tracts?

Bundles of neuron processes are called tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS.

Where is spinal fluid produced?

Central Nervous System

Ca2+

The chemically gated channel, NMDA, allows ________ ions entry into the nerve cell.

What is the Hippocampus associated with?

The formation of new memories, learning and emotions.

Where is the dorsal root?

The ganglia lie along the vertebral column by the spine.

Which of the following best describes the concept of integration?

The nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment.

What is the reticular formation purpose?

To control arousal, attention, cardiac Reflexes, motor Functions, sleep, regulate Awareness and relay Nerve Signals to the Cerebral Cortex

neurotransmitter

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.

autonomic nervous system

The sympathetic and parasympathetic are subdivisions of the ________.

What are projection fibers in the brain?

They consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.

Which of the following is NOT true of chemical synapses?

They transmit nerve impulses directly from one neuron to another.