Chapter 11 Blood
Click and drag on elements in order Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in three ways. Rank those methods from most to least, putting the way MOST of the carbon dioxide is carried at the top and the lowest percentage at the bottom. In the form of bicarbonate ions Dissolved in plasma Bound to hemoglobin
1. In the form of bicarbonate ions 2. Bound to hemoglobin 3. Dissolved in plasma
Click and drag on elements in order Place the steps of the prevention of blood loss in chronological order, with the first at the top Coagulation Platelet plug formation Vascular spasm
1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation
An erythrocyte usually lasts in the circulation for about ______ days.
110-120
Approximately ______% of carbon dioxide in the blood is transported bound to hemoglobin. The rest is dissolved in plasma or converted to bicarbonate ion.
23
Which of the following would be an abnormal red blood cell count?
3.6 million per microliter
In an adult woman, what would be a normal hematocrit?
38-47%
The number of globin chains within each hemoglobin molecule is ______.
4
Indicate the normal value for red blood cell count.
4.2-6.2 million/microliter
What is a network of fibrin that traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid called?
Clot
Formation of prothrombinase, thrombin, and fibrin are all stages of ______.
Clotting
Select all that apply Identify the three steps of clot formation. Multiple select question. Vascular spasm Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Platelet release action Formation of prothrombinase
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Formation of prothrombinase
What is the function of prothrombinase (prothrombin activator)?
Converts prothrombin to thrombin
Select all that apply Which of the following are compatibility tests? Multiple select question. Crossmatch Prothrombin time ABO blood typing Antibody screen
Crossmatch ABO blood typing Antibody screen
Select all that apply Identify the leukocytes that are granulocytes. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils
The most abundant type of formed element is the red blood cell, also known as the _____.
Erythrocyte
Describe the function of fibrin.
Fibrin creates the framework of a blood clot.
Thrombin converts the inactive clotting factor _____ into ______.
Fibrinogen fibrin
Oxygen binds to an iron-containing group of a hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells called a ______ group.
Heme
What is the main component of the red blood cell called?
Hemoglobin
Which of the following best defines fibrinolysis?
It is the dissolution of a clot.
An individual has excessive bruising. This may be due to a deficiency of vitamin ______.
K
Identify the components of the plasma Nutrients Proteins Red blood cels Hormones Gases Water
Nutrients Proteins Hormones Gases Water
Red blood cells transport _____ from the lungs to various tissues of the body.
Oxygen
The complex mixture within blood consisting of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases is _______.
Plasma
Select all that apply Identify the functions of lymphocytes. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Secrete heparin Produce antibodies Control tumors Aid in allergic responses Phagocytize dead cells and debris within tissues Important in immune responses
Produce antibodies Control tumors Aid in allergic responses Important in immune responses
Select all that apply Identify functions of blood. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Regulation of osmosis Clot formation Regulation of blood pH Exchange of respiratory gases between the atmosphere and the lungs Secretion of hormones
Regulation of osmosis Clot formation Regulation of blood pH
What do people who are Rh-positive have on the surface of their red blood cells?
Rh antigen
Explain the function of plasmin.
Slowly breaks down fibrin
How does the shape of the red blood cell influence the cell's function?
The biconcave shape increases the surface-area-to-volume ratio and facilitates gas exchange.
True or false: Typically, circulating clotting factors are inactive.
True
True or false: red blood cells do not divide
True
Identify the correct steps of the prevention of blood loss in chronological order.
Vascular spasm --> platelet plug formation --> blood clot formation
Identify the tests included in a complete blood count. (Select all that apply.)
White blood cell count Hemoglobin Red blood cell count Hematocrit
Fibrinolysis is a process in which ______.
a blood clot is dissolved
A blood clot is ______.
a network of fibrin
Leukocytes with no visible cytoplasmic granules are called ______.
agranulocytes
A person with type AB blood has what on the surface of their red blood cells?
antigen A and antigen B
The surfaces of red blood cells contain the ______ associated with blood groupings, and the plasma contains the ______ associated with blood groupings.
antigens, antibodies
What feature of a red blood cell increases gas exchange ability?
biconcave shape
Type AB blood contains ______ antigens on the red blood cells.
both A and B
Blood helps to regulate pH because it contains ______.
buffers
Information about materials dissolved in plasma, such as blood glucose and bilirubin, can be determined by testing the blood
chemistry
Platelet count and prothrombin time give an indication of the ability of blood to ______.
clot
Formation of prothrombinase, thrombin, and fibrin are all stages of ______.
clotting
Plasma proteins necessary for blood clot formation (coagulation) to occur are called ______.
clotting factors
Another term for blood clotting is _____.
coagulation
The interaction of factors in the blood to produce a visible clot is called ______.
coagulation
ABO-Rh blood typing and crossmatch are examples of ______ tests.
compatibility
A blood test in which the RBC count, hematocrit, hemoglobin content, white blood cell count, and a differential white blood cell count is done is called a ______.
complete blood count
Blood is a type of ______ tissue.
connective
Diseases that affect the liver ______.
decrease clotting factors found in the plasma
Which of these is a stimulus for the release of the hormone erythropoietin?
decreased blood oxygen levels
Deficiency in vitamin K may cause ______.
decreased clotting factors and increased bleeding
A count that shows the percentage of each type of white blood cells is called a ______ white blood cell count.
differential
Plasma contains ______.
dissolved proteins
Which component of the blood transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide?
erythrocytes
An excessive amount of red blood cells is called ______.
erythrocytosis
A decreased blood oxygen level causes the release of the hormone ______.
erythropoietin
The fibrous protein that forms the network of the clot and traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid is ______.
fibrin
The fibrous protein that makes up the matrix of a clot is called ______.
fibrin
Destruction of red blood cells leads to the breakdown of hemoglobin molecules. Breaking down hemoglobin releases ______.
four globin chains and four heme groups
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are the three types of leukocytes classified as ______.
granulocytes
What are leukocytes that have visible cytoplasmic granules called?
granulocytes
Leukocytes that have visible cytoplasmic granules are called ——-, whereas those without visible granules are called —-
granulocytes or granular Blank 2: agranulocytes or agranular
The production of the formed elements of the blood is called ______.
hematopoiesis
Iron is critical for the synthesis of --, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
hemoglobin
The main component of red blood cells is the protein _____.
hemoglobin
Normally antibodies are found ______.
in plasma
Normally, circulating clotting factors are ______.
inactive
Define erythrocytosis.
increased RBCs
Keeping in mind the structure of hemoglobin, name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis.
iron
Mature red blood cells are unable to divide. What feature of the cell accounts for this?
lack of nucleus
The least common of the formed elements of the blood are the _____.
leukocytes
Which stimulates the production of red blood cells?
low blood oxygen levels
The leukocyte that is important in immune functions, produces antibodies, aids in allergic reactions, and controls tumors is the ______
lymphocyte
The leukocyte that is important in immune functions, produces antibodies, aids in allergic reactions, and controls tumors is the ______.
lymphocyte
Which is the smallest of the circulating leukocytes?
lymphocyte
Which of the leukocytes are agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
A person with type O blood contains which antigen on the surface of their red blood cells?
neither A nor B
Which leukocytes move into tissues where they work to phagocytize bacteria and other foreign matter?
neutrophils
Match each type of leukocyte with the description of its structure Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Large cytoplasmic granules stain blue/purple Cytoplasmic granules stain red two-lobed nuclei Small cells small amount of cytoplasm around nucleus Largest leukocytes no visible cytoplasmic granules kidney beaned shaped nucleus Small cytoplasmic granules lobed nuclei of various forms
neutrophils matches Choice, small cytoplasmic granules; lobed nuclei of various formssmall cytoplasmic granules; lobed nuclei of various forms eosinophils matches Choice, cytoplasmic granules stain red; two-lobed nucleicytoplasmic granules stain red; two-lobed nuclei basophils matches Choice, large cytoplasmic granules stain blue/purplelarge cytoplasmic granules stain blue/purple lymphocytes matches Choice, small cells; small amount of cytoplasm around nucleussmall cells; small amount of cytoplasm around nucleus monocytes matches Choice, largest leukocyte; no visible cytoplasmic granules; kidney-beaned shape nucleuslargest leukocyte; no visible cytoplasmic granules; kidney-beaned shape nucleus
Individuals in the Rh-positive blood group have the Rh antigen ______.
on the surface of their red blood cells
Neutrophils leave the circulation and enter the tissues. In the tissues, their function is to ______.
phagocytize bacteria and foreign matter
The two basic components of blood are ______.
plasma and formed elements
Which is a correct definition of serum?
plasma without clotting factors
The substance that slowly breaks down fibrin is
plasmin
What is the term for a mass of platelets that reduces minor bleeding following injury?
platelet plug
Cellular fragments that function in the prevention of blood loss are called _____.
platelets
What are cell fragments that function to prevent blood loss called?
platelets
Clotting factors are ______.
proteins
Prothrombinase converts _____ into ____.
prothrombin to thrombin
Prothrombinase converts _____ into _____.
prothrombin to thrombin
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin by the action of the enzyme ______.
prothrombinase
An erythrocyte is also called a _____.
red blood cell
Hematocrit is the percentage of ______ in a volume of blood.
red blood cells
Plasma from which clotting factors (including fibrinogen) have been removed is called ______.
serum
Blood type is determined by ______.
the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells
What is the chemical released from damaged blood vessels that activates clotting factors?
thromboplastin
Match the antigens found on the surface of an indivisual red blood cells with their ABO blood type. A antigen B antigen A and B antigens Neither A nor B antigens Type b blood Type a blood Type o blood Type ab blood
A antigen —- type a blood B antigen —— type b blood A and B antigens—- type ab blood Neither A nor B antigens——type o blood
Describe thromboplastin.
A chemical released by damaged vessels that initiates clotting factors
Which of the following best describes a vascular spasm?
A short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss
Name the erythrocyte-bound antigens used to determine the most common type of blood typing.
A, B
Select all that apply Which of the following are compatibility tests? Multiple select question. ABO blood typing Crossmatch Antibody screen Prothrombin time
ABO blood typing Crossmatch Antibody screen
What is the first response to a blood vessel injury?
vascular spasm
Describe the structural features of red blood cells Biconcave Contain many organs About 10 micrometers wide Anucleated ( without a nucleus)
Biconcave Anucleated (without a nucleus)
Which best describes a red blood cell?
Biconcave, anucleate cell approximately 7.5 microns in diameter
Click and drag on elements in order Place the events of red blood cell production in chronological order, starting with the first at the top. Stimulation of kidney Decreased blood oxygen levels Increased production of red blood cells Stimulation of red bone marrow Increased released of erythropietin
1. Decreased blood oxygen levels 2. Stimulation of kidneys 3. Increased release of erythropoietin 4. Stimulation of red bone marrow 5. Increased production of red blood cells
Match the molecules associated with blood groupings with the correct location. Antigens Antibodies Within the plasma Surface of red blood cells
Antigens — surface of red blood cells Antibodies —- within the plasma