Chapter 11

Select all that apply Which of the following can affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones? negative feedback inhibition higher brain centers hypothalamic hormones positive feedback paracrine secretion

-negative feedback inhibition -higher brain centers -hypothalamic hormones -positive feedback

-regulatory molecules secreted into a synapse -regulatory molecules secreted into the blood. -Target cells must possess receptors for the regulatory molecules.

-nervous system -endocrine system -both

Select all that apply Thyroxine is ______. is 10× more abundant in plasma than T3 secreted in larger amounts than T3 has a higher affinity for TBG is 10× less abundant in plasma than T3 has a lower affinity for TBG secreted in lower amounts than T3

-secreted in larger amounts than T3 -has a higher affinity for TBG -is 10× less abundant in plasma than T3

Insulin is released when: -during deep sleep -a meal high in carbohydrates is consumed -blood calcium levels are low

a meal high in carbohydrates is consumed

The anterior pituitary is the ______, and the posterior pituitary is the ______. adenohypophysis/neurohypophysis neurohypophysis/adenohypophysis

adenohypophysis/neurohypophysis

Select all that apply Choose the three major enzymes activated by second-messenger systems. adenylate cyclase myokinase tyrosine kinase phospholipase C

adenylate cyclase tyrosine kinase phospholipase C

Corticotropin stimulates the ______ ______ to secrete glucocorticoids. adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

adrenal cortex

_____ is directly responsible for the activation of protein kinase in the adenylate cyclase second-messenger system.

cAMP

The C cells of the thyroid secrete _____.

calcitonin

______ is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that functions to lower blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid hormone Calcidiol

calcitonin

Steroid hormones are derived from _____.

cholesterol

Select all that apply Which of the following hormones are classified as amines? epinephrine estradiol melatonin thyroxine parathyroid hormone

epinephrine melatonin thyroxine

Sperm production in the testes is stimulated directly by ______. prolactin luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone

follicle-stimulating hormone

In the pancreatic islets, alpha cells secrete ____ and beta cells secrete _____.

glucagon insulin

Choose the organs that secrete steroid hormones.

gonads adrenal cortex

Select all that apply Choose the organs that secrete steroid hormones. gonads adrenal cortex adrenal medulla hypothalamus

gonads adrenal cortex

Bone, muscle and adipose tissue are the target tissues/organs for _____ hormone.

growth

Select all that apply Growth hormone promotes ______. growth of cartilage protein synthesis movement of amino acids into cells testosterone secretion by the testes

growth of cartilage protein synthesis movement of amino acids into cells

Select all that apply Which of the following are included in the endocrine system? liver adipose tissue thyroid gland pancreas hypothalamus muscle tissue

liver adipose tissue thyroid gland pancreas hypothalamus

Testosterone secretion from the Leydig cells is stimulated by ______. luteinizing hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone growth hormone

luteinizing hormone

The three categories of corticosteroids are the ______ _, _____ and adrenal _______.

mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids adrenal andorgens

The adrenal medulla secretes ______. -only epinephrine -only norepinephrine -more norepinephrine than epinephrine -more epinephrine than norepinephrine

more epinephrine than norepinephrine

Growth hormone promotes ______. protein synthesis movement of amino acids into cells growth of cartilage testosterone secretion by the testes

protein synthesis movement of amino acids into cells growth of cartilage

One class of hydrophobic hormones released by the gonads and the adrenal cortex are ______.

steroids

Select all that apply Which of the following are the major chemical classes of hormones? steroids glycolipids glycoproteins polypeptides amines

steroids glycoproteins polypeptides amines

Select all that apply The follicle-stimulating hormone promotes gamete production in the ______. testes uterus ovaries mammary glands

testes ovaries

Select all that apply Alternate terms to denote the hormone most abundantly secreted by the thyroid gland include: triiodothyronine T3 tetraiodothyronine T4 thyroxine

tetraiodothyronine T4 thyroxine

The insulin receptor belongs to the family of _____ receptor located in the plasma membrane of target cells. adenylate cyclase tyrosine kinase inositol triphosphate phospholipase C cAMP

tyrosine kinase

The insulin receptor belongs to the family of _____ receptor located in the plasma membrane of target cells. cAMP adenylate cyclase inositol triphosphate phospholipase C tyrosine kinase

tyrosine kinase

Ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males is stimulated by _____ (hormone)

LH

Adipose tissue secretes a hormone called _____.

Leptin

The hormone would bind to which portion of a nuclear receptor? Ligand-binding domain DNA-binding domain Hormone-response element

Ligand-binding domain

The half-life of most hormones falls into which range? Hours to days Days to weeks Seconds to minutes Minutes to hours

Minutes to hours

Choose the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Sensitivity to cold Low basal metabolic rate Weight-gain Lethargy Exopthalamos

Sensitivity to cold Low basal metabolic rate Weight-gain Lethargy

Cholesterol is used in the synthesis of ______ hormones. polypeptide amine glycoprotein steroid

Steroid

Select all that apply Choose the types of hormones that bind to nuclear receptors. Catecholamines Hypothalamic hormones Steroid hormones Thyroid hormone

Steroid hormones Thyroid hormone

The general adaptation response (GAS) is the body's response to: death high levels of blood glucose electrolyte imbalance hypothyroidism stress

Stress

When two hormones work together to produce an effect, those effects are described as: antagonistic synergistic permissive

Synergistic

____ effects result when two hormones work together to produce a particular effect.

Synergistic

The hormone formed when monoiodotyrosine (MIT) combines with a molecule of diiodotyrosine (DIT) is ___.

T3

The hormone that most influences basal metabolic rate is ____ hormone.

T3

Which thyroid hormone is active within target cells? T3 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Calcitonin Thyroxine Thyroid-stimulating hormone

T3

Which thyroid hormone is active within target cells? Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyroxine T3 Calcitonin Thyrotropin-releasing hormon

T3

Within target cells, ______from the thyroid gland is converted into ____.

T4 T3

Select all that apply The adrenal glands secrete ______. epinephrine aldosterone testosterone cortisol

epinephrine aldosterone cortisol

An endemic goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland due to a deficiency in ____.

idoine

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) typically causes ______. -increased ACTH secretion and glucocorticoid secretion -decreased ACTH secretion and glucocorticoid secretion -increased ACTH secretion and decreased glucocorticoid secretion -decreased ACTH secretion and increased glucocorticoid secretion

increased ACTH secretion and glucocorticoid secretion

The binding ____ to its receptor in target cells, eventually causes the insertion of glucose-transport proteins into the plasma membrane of target cells.

insulin

The binding of _______ to its receptor in target cells, eventually causes the insertion of glucose-transport proteins into the plasma membrane of target cells

insulin

The hormone that functions to lower blood glucose levels is

insulin

In the colloid of the thyroid follicles, _______ attaches to tyrosine on the protein thyroglobin.

iodine

The endocrine regions of the pancreas are called the ______. cortex isthmus medulla islets

islets

Hormones that are soluble in lipids are ______. prohormones lipophilic catecholamines hydrophilic

lipophilic

The glands embedded in the thyroid make up the ____ glands

parathyroid

Tyrosine kinase adds _____ groups to _____.

phosphate tyrosine

Choose the three major enzymes activated by second-messenger systems. phospholipase C myokinase adenylate cyclase tyrosine kinase

phospholipase C adenylate cyclase tyrosine kinase

The _______ gland is attached to the hypothalamus by an infundibulum.

pituitary

Phospholipase C is an enzyme that is located in the: extracellular fluid blood nucleus cytoplasm plasma membrane

plasma membrane

Phospholipase C is an enzyme that is located in the: extracellular fluid plasma membrane blood nucleus cytoplasm

plasma membrane

Insulin binds to an insulin receptor located on the ______ of its target cells? mitochondria plasma membrane nucleus

plasmsa membrane

One of the main functions of ______ is to raise the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the body. cortisol glucagon insulin thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone

thyroid hormone

iple Choice Question One of the main functions of ______ is to raise the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the body. parathyroid hormone cortisol insulin glucagon thyroid hormone

thyroid hormone

Thyroxine is produced by ______. thyrotropin stimulating the thyroid gland T3 stimulation of the thyroid gland TSH stimulating the pituitary ACTH stimulating the thyroid gland

thyrotropin stimulating the thyroid gland

Prohormone- Prehormone- Hormone-

-A polypeptide chain that is cut and spliced together to form a hormone. - A polypeptide chain that is a precursor to another inactive molecule. - Active molecule that affects the metabolism of target cells.

Select all that apply Which of the following are true statements? -A target cell has receptors for specific hormones. -Endocrine glands must be close to the target cells on which they exert effects. -Ducts transport hormones from the endocrine glands to the blood. -Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood.

-A target cell has receptors for specific hormones. -Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true regarding calcitonin? -Calcitonin is produced in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland -Calcitonin raises the levels of calcium in the blood -Calcitonin inhibits the dissolution of calcium phosphate in the bones -Calcitonin promotes the excretion of calcium in the urine

-Calcitonin is produced in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland -Calcitonin inhibits the dissolution of calcium phosphate in the bones -Calcitonin promotes the excretion of calcium in the urine

Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of calcium? -Causes depolarization of skeletal muscle by rapidly leaving the cells. -Facilitates muscle contraction. -Part of the second-messenger system of some hormones. -Signal the release of neurotransmitters from neurons.

-Facilitates muscle contraction. -Part of the second-messenger system of some hormones. -Signal the release of neurotransmitters from neurons.

Select all that apply Which of the following are functions of calcium? -Facilitates muscle contraction. -Causes depolarization of skeletal muscle by rapidly leaving the cells. -Signal the release of neurotransmitters from neurons. -Part of the second-messenger system of some hormones.

-Facilitates muscle contraction. -Signal the release of neurotransmitters from neurons. -Part of the second-messenger system of some hormones.

Select all that apply Phospholipase C splits a particular membrane phospholipid into: cAMP adenylate cyclase IP3 (inositol triphosphate) calcium DAG (diacylglycerol)

-IP3 (inositol triphosphate) -DAG (diacylglycerol)

Select all that apply Choose the functions of thyroid hormones. -Increase cellular respiration -Stimulate protein synthesis -Promote maturation of the nervous system -Promote the storage of fat in adipose tissue -Elevate the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

-Increase cellular respiration -Stimulate protein synthesis -Promote maturation of the nervous system -Elevate the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Select all that apply Choose the statements that are consistent with steroid hormones and their actions. -Steroid hormones typically initiate a change in gene expression of the cell. -Steroid hormones bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and initiate a second messenger response. -Steroid hormones can cross the plasma membrane and bind to receptors located inside the cell. -Steroid hormones require a carrier protein for transport in the blood.

-Steroid hormones typically initiate a change in gene expression of the cell. -Steroid hormones can cross the plasma membrane and bind to receptors located inside the cell. -Steroid hormones require a carrier protein for transport in the blood

Select all that apply Choose the actions of follicle-stimulating hormone. -Stimulates ovulation in females. -Stimulates the release of cortisol from the ovarian follicle in females. -Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females. -Stimulates the production of sperm in males.

-Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females. -Stimulates the production of sperm in males.

Select all that apply Choose the actions of luteinizing hormone. -Stimulates the secretion of testosterone from the interstitial cells of the testes in males. -Stimulates ovulation in females. -Stimulates an ovulated follicle to become a corpus luteum. -Stimulates the secretion of testosterone from the adrenal cortex in both males and females.

-Stimulates the secretion of testosterone from the interstitial cells of the testes in males. -Stimulates ovulation in females. -Stimulates an ovulated follicle to become a corpus luteum.

Select all that apply Which of the following statements are true of both neural and endocrine regulation? -Target cells must have specific receptor proteins that combine with the regulatory molecule. -There is a mechanism to turn off actions of the regulators. -Regulatory molecules must be secreted by cells which are in close proximity to the target cells. -A specific change in the target cell must occur when the regulatory molecule binds to its specific receptors.

-Target cells must have specific receptor proteins that combine with the regulatory molecule. -There is a mechanism to turn off actions of the regulators. -A specific change in the target cell must occur when the regulatory molecule binds to its specific receptors.

Select all that apply Which of the following are characteristics of nuclear hormone receptors? -They bind lipophilic hormones. -They are located on the plasma membrane. -They activate genetic transcription. -They are located inside the cell. -They activate second-messengers. -They bind hydrophilic hormones.

-They bind lipophilic hormones. -They activate genetic transcription. -They are located inside the cell.

Place the following in the correct order.

1. Endocrine gland secretes hormone 2. Hormone is transported by the blood 3. Hormone binds to its sepcific recpetors on target cells 4. target cells respond to the hormone

Glucocorticoids are secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to _______ from the anterior pituitary.

ACTH

Polar -> Nopolar->

Act through second-messenger systems Regulate gene expression

The appetite-suppressing hormone, leptin, is secreted primarily by: adipose tissue ovaries the adrenal cortex the hypothalamus the stomach

Adipose tissue

The ______ _____ is responsible for secreting glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, while the _____ ______ secretes epinephrine.

Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla

Aldosteron-----> Eprinephrine --->

Adrenal cortex Acrenal medulla

Select all that apply Choose the statements that are true regarding aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to excrete potassium in the urine. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone indirectly reduces blood pressure. Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium. Aldosterone is derived from cholesterol.

Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to excrete potassium in the urine. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium. Aldosterone is derived from cholesterol.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are polar hormones that are classified as ____.

Amines

Select all that apply Which major chemical class of hormones is lacking a protein component? Amines Glycoproteins Polypeptides Steroids

Amines Steroids

____ is important for the release of neurotransmitters, excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells and as a second-messenger system for some hormones. Potassium Phosphate Calcium Iron Sodium

Calcium

Select all that apply Choose the following statements that are true regarding cortisol. Cortisol is a steroid hormone. Cortisol is also called hydrocortisone. Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid. Cortisol is hydrophilic. Cortisol is secreted by the zona fasciculata.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone. Cortisol is also called hydrocortisone. Cortisol is the major glucocorticoid. Cortisol is secreted by the zona fasciculata.

Regarding the pathway of action by lipophilic hormones, a hormone response element is located on the: nuclear receptor hormone DNA

DNA

The pancreatic islets are the _______ portion of the pancreas. exocrine endocrine

Endocrine

_______ glands are ductless glands that secrete _____.

Endocrine Hormones

Ductless glands that secrete hormones are ______. nerves exocrine glands endothelial glands endocrine glands

Endocrine gland

Growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production are both stimulated by ________.

FSH

growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production are both stimulated by _____.

FSH

Negative feedback inhibition on the pituitary by these hormones functions in regulation. FSH TSH Prolactin ACTH

FSH TSH ACTH

True or false: Higher brain centers never play a role in the release of anterior pituitary hormones.

False

True or false: The endocrine system is comprised only of glands whose primary function is secretion of hormones.

False

True or false: The half-life of a hormone is the time it takes for an endocrine gland to secrete one half of the needed amount of a hormone.

False

True or false: The posterior pituitary gland produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

False

Which anterior pituitary hormones target the gonads? Follicle-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Luteinzing hormones

Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormones

Hans Selye characterized the body's nonspecific response to stress as _____ _____ _____ .

General adaptation syndrome

Which hormone causes cells to take in amino acids and produce proteins? Anti-diuretic hormone Luteinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Prolactin Growth hormone

Growth hormone

Which hormone causes cells to take in amino acids and produce proteins? Anti-diuretic hormone Prolactin Luteinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Growth hormone

Growth hormone

The disease characterized by a low basal metabolic rate (BMR), weight gain, and lethargy is

Hypothyroid

When thyroid hormone levels rise, TRH and TSH are inhibited. This mechanism is called ____ ____.

Negative feedback

Select all that apply Which hormone(s) are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the the posterior pituitary gland? Oxytocin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Antidiuretic hormone Luteinizing hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone

The hormone _____stimulates milk production in females, regulates FSH and LH in males, and also acts on the kidneys to regulate water and electrolyte balance.

PRL

Oxytocin is secreted from the ______. thyroid posterior pituitary ovary anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary

1. 2. 3.

Prehormone Prohormone Hormone

In the adenylate cyclase second-messenger system, cAMP activates: tyrosine kinase phospholipase C protein kinase adenylate cyclase

Protein kinase

During the production of thyroid hormone, iodide binds to tyrosine of the protein: hemoglobin thyroglobin tyrosine kinase albumin thyroxine

Thyroglobin

Which of the following glands is located just below the larynx? Pancreas Ovaries Adrenal Anterior pituitary Thyroid

Thyroid

The combination of two diiodotyrosine (DIT) molecules form the hormone ______. aldosterone melatonin thyroxine testosterone calcitonin

Thyroxine

Which of the following statements regarding thyroxine is true? Thyroxine is also called triiodothyronine. Thyroxine requires a carrier protein to travel through the blood. Thyroxine binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of its target cells. Thyroxine is secreted by the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of thyroid hormone.

Thyroxine requires a carrier protein to travel through the blood.

True or false: As steroid hormones initiate gene transcription, two receptor units may form a dimer at the half-sites of the hormone-response element of DNA.

True

The corticosteroid that helps to raise blood pressure and regulate electrolyte balance, by stimulating the kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium, is ___.

aldosterone

Melatonin- Oxytocin- Luteinizing hormone- Cortisol-

amine polypeptide gylcoprotein steroid

Hormones that are derived from tyrosine and tryptophan are classified as: polypeptides steroids glycoproteins amines

amines

Nonpolar hormones ______. -must act exclusively on receptors on the membrane -are capable of crossing plasma membranes -cannot bind to receptors in the cytoplasm -are not capable of crossing plasma membranes

are capable of crossing plasma membranes

When blood pressure increases, the heart produces _______, a hormone that acts on the kidneys to promote the excretion of sodium and water. cholecystokinin atrial natriuretic hormone antidiuretic hormone melatonin thymopoietin

atrial natriuretic hormone

Atrial natriuretic hormone is produced by the ____.

atrium

The adrenal glands consist of two types of tissue: an outer _____, and an inner ______.

cortex medulla

ACTH stimulates the production of ______ from the adrenal cortex. epinephrine dopamine cortisol norepinephrine

cortisol

The hormone that is the major glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex is

cortisol

Select all that apply Which of the following hormones are classified as steroid hormones? cortisol testosterone progesterone estradiol glucagon melatonin

cortisol testosterone progesterone estradiol

In the pathway of steroid hormone regulation, the process of two receptor units coming together at the two half-sites of a hormone-response element is called: polarization co-activation desensitization dimerization upregulation

dimerization

Which of the following can affect the release of anterior pituitary hormones? higher brain centers paracrine secretion positive feedback negative feedback inhibition hypothalamic hormones

higher brain centers positive feedback negative feedback inhibition hypothalamic hormones

Select all that apply Receptor proteins on target cells are features of ______. equilibrium neuronal regulation endocrine regulation cutaneous sensation

neuronal regulation endocrine regulation

Select all that apply Receptor proteins on target cells are features of ______. neuronal regulation endocrine regulation equilibrium cutaneous sensation

neuronal regulation endocrine regulation

Select all that apply Choose the following hormones which are considered to be catecholamines. norepinephrine epinephrine insulin triiodothyronine

norepinephrine epinephrine

Lipophilic hormones bind to ________ receptors, as a category.

nuclear

Thyroid hormone binds to _____ receptors, which are located inside the cell.

nuclear

The _____ _______ (islets of Langerhans) are the clusters of cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas, and function to secrete hormones.

pancreatic islets

When the extracellular signals, like hormones, are transduced into intracellular signals, the intracellular signals are called: second messengers catecholamines paracrine hormones

second messengers

Adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C and tyrosine kinase are all enzymes involved in: second-messenger systems activation of nuclear receptor proteins helping glycoproteins cross the cell membrane transport of hormones through the blood

second-messenger systems

Hormones such as epinephrine must generally rely on ______ because of their solubility. nuclear receptors second-messenger systems membrane leak channels

second-messenger systems

Hormones that bind to plasma membrane receptors activate ________-______ systems within the cell.

secondary messenger

Select all that apply Choose the types of hormones that are lipophilic. catecholamines polypeptides sex steroids thyroid hormones corticosteroids

sex steroids thyroid hormones corticosteroids

During the production of thyroid hormone, iodide binds to tyrosine of the protein: hemoglobin albumin thyroglobin thyroxine tyrosine kinase

thyroglobin

During the production of thyroid hormone, iodide binds to tyrosine of the protein: tyrosine kinase thyroglobin hemoglobin albumin thyroxine

thyroglobin