Chapter 11 civil war K
Clara Barton
"Angel of the battlefield", Union nurse who founded the American Red Cross.
Surrender at Appomattox
( April 9, 1865) *After Petersburg, Davis's government leaves Richmond, sets it afire *Lee surrenders April 1865 at village of Appomattox Court House - Lee's soldiers paroled on generous terms
New York City Riots
(1863)-- Lower- class white workers were angered about having to fight a war to free slaves who they would have to compete against for jobs. Many also upset about Low wages, bad living conditions, and high unemployment among the lower class.
The thirteenth Amendment
(1865) abolishes slavery in all states
Battle of Gettysburg
(July 1st-3rd 1863)-- It was the turning point of the American Civil War- It crippled the Confederacy so badly that the Confederate troops would never be able to invade a Northern state again. Union lost 23,000 troops Confederacy lost 28,000 troops.
Battle of Chancellorsville
(May 1863)- The Confederacy won this important battle here but lost a great general when Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his own troops, (Friendly fire).
Copperheads
(Snake), Northerners who wanted to end the war and make peace with the South. To prevent disloyalty and dissent from Confederate sympathizers in Maryland, Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus.
African-American Soldiers
*African Americans 1% of North's population, by war's end 10% of army • Lower pay than white troops for most of war; limits on military rank • High mortality from disease; POWs killed or returned to slavery
Describe the assassination of Lincoln
*April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford's Theatre *Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by Union cavalry, shot *7 million people pay respects to Lincoln's funeral train
Vicksburg
*Confederate Vicksburg prevents Union from controlling Mississippi *Spring 1863, Union destroys MS rail lines, sacks Jackson *Grant's assaults on Vicksburg fail, begins siege in May *Starving Confederates surrender on July 4 *Port Hudson, LA falls 5 days later; Confederacy completely divided
The Trent Affair
*Confederate diplomats travel on Trent to get British, French support *U.S. Navy arrests them; Lincoln frees them, averts war with Britain
Fort Sumter
*Confederate soldiers take over government, military installations *Fort Sumter - Confederate outpost in Charleston harbor *Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter *Commander Anderson sent the message to Lincoln that Confederate leaders were demanding surrender or would attack. *Lincoln would not surrender the fort, but would send food and other nonmilitary supplies. *Davis ordered a surprise attack before the supplies could arrive - Confederate artillery opened fire on the fort, and an outgunned Fort Sumter surrendered the next day.
The election of 1864
*Democrats want immediate armistice, nominate McClellan *Radical Republicans—harsh conditions for readmission to Union *Republicans change name, choose pro-Union Democrat as running mate *Lincoln pessimistic; Northern victories, troops' votes give him win
Outcome of Fort Sumter
*Fall of Fort Sumter unites North; volunteers rush to enlist *Virginia unwilling to fight South; secedes from Union - antislavery western counties secede from VA Three more states secede; border states remain in Union
What was Lincoln's view on slavery
*Federal government has no power to abolish slavery where it exists *Lincoln decides army can emancipate slaves who labor for Confederacy *Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting the South
Describe the Southern shortages
*Food shortages from lost manpower, Union occupation, loss of slaves *Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates trade with enemy
Describe the interaction between Grant and Lee in Virginia
*Grant's strategy: immobilize Lee in VA while Sherman raids Georgia *May 1864-April 1865, Grant and Lee fight many battles *Heavy losses on both sides; North can replace soldiers, South cannot
Describe the Northern economic growth
*Industries that supply army boom; some contractors cheat and profit *Wages do not keep up with prices; workers' standard of living drops *Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government jobs *Congress establishes first income tax on earnings to pay for war
Antietam
*Lee wins Second Battle of Bull Run; marches into Maryland *Lee, McClellan clash at Antietam—bloodiest single-day battle *Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not pursue - Lincoln fires McClellan
What was the outcome of the Battle of Bull Run
*Lincoln called for a million more volunteers to serve for three years. *Replaced McDowell with General George McClellan, who set about creating a real army out of the volunteer force Army of the Potomac
Shiloh
*March1862, Confederate troops surprise Union soldiers at Shiloh *Grant counterattacks; Confederates retreat; thousands dead, wounded *Shiloh teaches preparation needed, Confederacy vulnerable in West
Ironclads
*New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of Grant, Farragut *Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burning *March 1862, North's Monitor, South's Merrimack fight to a draw
Lincoln's memorial ceremony
*November 1863, ceremony held to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg *Edward Everett, noted speaker, gives flowery two-hour speech
2nd Battle of Bull Run
*Overly cautious McClellan waited outside Richmond. *Lincoln turned to John Pope with his 50,000 troops in northern Virginia. *Robert E. Lee lured Pope into battle and defeated him. *Lincoln put McClellan back in command, telling his cabinet members, "We must use the tools we have." *Smaller Confederate forces more effective and led by better commanders
What were the reactions to the emancipation proclamation
*Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war high moral purpose *Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery *Northern Democrats claim will antagonize South, prolong war *Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve way of life *Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat the other
Sherman's March
*Sept. 1864, Sherman takes Atlanta; South tries to cut supply lines *Sherman cuts ide path of destruction in Georgia; lives off land *December, takes Savannah, turns north to help Grant fight Lee - inflicts even more destruction in SC
The confederacy's morale wears down
*South unable to attack; hopes to undo North's morale, get armistice *Civilian morale plummets; public calls for peace *Discord in government prevents Davis from governing effectively
Outcome of Gettysburg
*Three-day battle at Gettysburg cripples South, turning point of war *Confederates go to find shoes; meet Union cavalry *July 1, Confederates drive Union back, take town
What are the Union and Confederate advantages
*Union advantages: soldiers, factories, food, railroads *Confederate advantages: cotton profits, generals, motivation
Costs of the war
- Hundreds of thousands dead, wounded; lives disrupted - Financially, war costs the government estimated $3.3 billion
What kind of impact did the emancipation proclamation have on the war
- Strengthen moral cause of the war - Helped keep Europe out of war will not help the confederacy
What was the Anaconda Plan
- blockade Southern ports - divide Confederacy in two in west - capture Richmond, Confederate capital
Bull Run
- first battle, near Washington; Confederate victory - The chaotic battle ended hope for a short war. *Stonewall Jackson earned his nickname and Confederate infantry charge caused Union troops to stampede. *There were 2,000 Confederate and 2,900 Union casualties.
Emancipation Proclamation
-issued by Lincoln in 1863: - frees slaves behind Confederate lines - does not apply to areas occupied by Union or slave states in Union
What are the border states and how are they important
1 Maryland critical—Washington, D.C., at risk surrounded by Confederate territory. Martial law declared and new elections held to ensure pro-Union state legislature 2 Maryland critical—Washington, D.C., at risk surrounded by Confederate territory. Martial law declared and new elections held to ensure pro-Union state legislature 3 Kentucky necessary—the Ohio River border left the Union open to the threat of invasion. The governor refused to take sides, but the state sided with the Union after Confederate troops invaded in September 1861. 4 Delaware
Gettysburg
1 Prelude to Gettysburg *May 1863, South defeats North at Chancellorsville *Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops - dies 8 days later of pneumonia *Lee invades North to get supplies, support of Democrats The Second Day *South attacks Union led by General George Meade on Cemetery Ridge *North repulses repeated attacks on Little Round Top *Many exhausted Confederates surrender; Union line holds The Third Day *Armies exchange vicious artillery fire *Lee orders attack on Union lines; North cuts down Confederates *Meade does not counterattack; Lee retreats to Virginia - staggering losses on both sides
John Wilkes Booth
26 year-old actor, killed Abraham Lincoln, Southern supporter, jumped off balcony catches spear on something breaks his leg & still manages to leave on his horse
Battle of Gettysburg
3 day battle in Southern Pennsylvania, considered the turning point in the war in favor of the North. The Confederate war effort was badly crippled putting them on the defensive for the rest of the war.
Pickett's Charge
3rd day of Gettysburg, Lee asked Pickett to lead troops on a mile and a half run where they were then slaughtered by the union army
New York Draft Riots
4 day protest in NYC in response to the draft, over 100 people killed. Poor workers and immigrants didn't want competition for jobs that free slaves would create and took out frustrations on African Americans
Bull Run
Battle on the Virginia-Maryland border. Confederate victory gave South high hopes, and forced North to rethink its overconfidence. Yankees retreated to Washington, Rebels too exhausted to give chase
Vicksburg
Battle which gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, a major part of their Anaconda plan
Lincoln's Wartime Presidency: Shortage of Soldiers
Draft Law adopted
Conscription
Drafting citizens (of a certain age) for military service who did not volunteer
causes/effects and responsibility for emancipation
Cause Northern believed saving the union wasn't enough but didn't want the nation restored to what it was before the war Believed the south should be punished by freeing their slaves for causing the bloodshed of the war Lincoln issued the EP which freed all slaves in rebellion territory Effects Many abolitionists were upset bc it allowed slavery to continue in states that weren't mentioned Didn't apply to areas of Confederacy that were conquered by union armies feared that they had increased competition for work Riots broke out in protest against black workers some northerners only supported in hope of shortening the war Ended South's hope for British intervention
Matthew Brady
Civil War photographer, took pictures of war devastation which brought home harsh reality of war to the civilian population
Fort Sumter
First battle of the Civil War One of the few places still controlled by the Union Confederate victory Was a potential battle site before the war If Lincoln turned over the fort southerners would think northerners didn't want war Anger northerners bc they didn't want to treat the Confederacy as if they were separate South Victory
Total War
Combat where anything that aids the enemies war effort is open to attack (including soldiers, farms, methods of transportation, villages, etc)
Battle of Chickamauga
Confederate victory gave south brief hope Left Chattanooga unprotected and Union took control Confederate soldiers blockaded Chattanooga hoping to starve them out Grant liberated Union troops and took full control over the city Gave launch pad to invade Georgia Lincoln appointed Grant as commander of Union forces William Tecumseh Sherman replaced Grant in west
Fort Sumter
Confederates fired on South Carolina Fort held by Union forces, forcing a surrender and initiating the Civil War
Fort Pillow, TN
Confederates massacre over 200 African-American POWs
Northern Military Strategy (3 pts)
Conquer Southern Ports to prevent export of cotton and import of needed foreign goods Take the Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in two Capture Confederate capital at Richmond
National Bank Act
Created a system of federally charted (partially funded), banks.
National Bank Act
Created a system of federally chartered banks to make banking safer for investors 1. Set stricter requirements of loans 2. System for inspection of banks
Emancipation Proclamation
Created by Lincoln in January or 1863- It gave freedom to slaves located behind Confederate lines in those states that seceded. Lincoln is trying to punish or embarrass these states. But Not to any Southern territory occupied by union troops. Not to those Southern states the remained part of the Union.
life during the Civil War for blacks
Crucial to Confederate war effort Escaped slaves were hired by Union for performed labor Initially couldn't serve in army but after EP, started joining segregated units By end of war, 180,0000 served in the Union and 38,000 lost their lives
Ford's Theater
DC based theater, site of Lincoln's assassination on 4/14/1865
Jefferson Davis's Difficulties
Davis possessed no central authority and was frequently questioned and disobeyed. Confederate states did not lend each other soldiers or supplies
Battle of Fredericksbrug
December 13, 1862 Burnside doesn't fully plan out his attack, resulting in 14 separate charges and massive casualties Union army lost nearly 13,000 more than twice the amount of Confederate losses Plunged north into gloom Union wins but the Confederates are winning the war Union could've destroyed Lee's army but they didn't
Clara Barton
Former Union nurse, founded American branch of the Red Cross in 1881, which she led for the next 23 years
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
Battle of Gettysburg
July 1-4, 1863 Confident from Chancellorsville, Lee invaded the North again 3 day battle was the largest battle ever fought in North America 51,000 total casualties Union victory Caused a major turning point in the war
First Battle of Bull Run
July 16, 1861 First major battle of the Civil War unorganized, chaotic Thomas Jackson of the Confederates becomes known as Stonewall Jackson for his bravery and control over his troops Union troops fled after Beauregard order his line of infantry to charge Confederates wins; Union forces retreats Ends northern hope for a short war Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan who transferred the volunteers into a real army
Robert E. Lee
Leader of the Confederate Army.
George McClellan
Leader of the Union Army- poor choice- this general had a case of the "slows"- did not get going until spring of 1862.
Appomattox Courthouse
Lee surrendered to Grant, considered to mark end of the Civil War, April 1865, the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War
Election of 1864
Lincoln selects Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate to appeal to voters sympathetic to the South. Lincoln wins by riding wave of war success over Democratic George McClellan
election 1864
Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins
Election of 1864
Lincoln was expected to lose after Grant's loss in the Wilderness campaign Criticism grew over EP George McClellan was democratic canidate0 promised peace Capture of Atlanta by Sherman turned voters in Lincoln's favor Lincoln was reelected, allowing him to pass the 13th amendment, making slavery illegal in the U.S.
Team of Rivals
Lincoln's Presidential cabinet, made up of his chief Republican rivals inn the 1860 election. Lincoln let them talk freely on issues of importance, but reserved the right to make the final decision himself
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln's VP, becomes President during post Civil War reconstruction
General George McClellan
Lincoln's first choice for commander of the Union forces. He prepared the men well, but he would never attack. Lincoln removed him.
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln's speech at the dedication of a national cemetery at Gettysburg. Redefined the American values held in the Declaration of Independence for a post Civil War society
Antietam
Location of a battle where discovered confederate war plans allowed McClellan to attack effectively but tragically with thousands of dead. But McClellan didn't pursue the confederates to possibly end the war.
David G. Farragut
Navy Commander who was In charge of seizing New Orleans, which was the Confederacy's largest city and busiest port (successful in doing so)
Battle of Glorieta Pass
New Mexico 1862 Union victory against the invasion of Confederate troops from Texas
Income Tax
New tax on people's wages to help pay for the war. (People not happy).
Stonewall Jackson
Nickname for Thomas J. Jackson, General for the Confederate Army at Bull Run, known for standing his grown like a stonewall.
Battle of the Wilderness
North outnumbered Confederate's population Fighting took place in dense woods of northern Virginia Fire fighting caused woods to catch fire ---> burning wounded to death Grant's losses were twice as many as Lee's but he continued pushing forward
Copperhead
Northern Democrat who advocated for making peace with the Confederacy, and recognizing them as a separate nation
Copperheads
Northern Democrats advocating peace
Copperheads
Northern democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War
Impact of Civil War: Economical
Northern economy booms, corporations transition from war supplies to other industries Manufacturing of steel and railroads Slave plantation economy destroyed Total war causes mass damage Decline of the Planter Class
Monitor
Northern iron clad
effects of Civil War
Northerners celebrated Welcomed Confederacy back into the Union Slavery ended New technology Massive number of people died
Gettysburg Address
November 1863 Speech given by Abraham Lincoln during the dedication of a cemetery.
What are the Northern and Southern responses of the start of the war
Response in the North *Lincoln calls for 7500 volunteers *90 days' service to put down the rebellion *Lincoln's political enemy Stephen Douglas supports the action, "There can be no neutrals in this war, only patriots—or traitors" *Northerners rush to enlist Reaction in the South *With call for volunteers, the eight remaining Union slave states now forced to choose a side *Union slave states refused to provide troops to fight against fellow southerners *Confederate states ready to call up men *First Virginia, then Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina secede
life during the Civil War for soldiers
Only 1/3 of casualties occurred on battlefield Main cause of death was disease (or infection) No knowledge of bacteria or viruses so doctors didn't wash surgical instruments, spreading disease Poor sanitation and polluted water led to dysentery or cholera Spent most of their time in camps, drilling, and trying to pass the time not many prisoners of war (POWs)- either released or exchanged in prisoner camps After EP Confederacy pledged to enslave captured black soldiers- ended prisoner swaps and led to massive POW camps 56,000 died in POW camps bc of poor conditions
Copperheads
Peace Democrats that were opposed to the war
13th Amendment
Permanently abolishedK slavery and involuntary servitude in the US
What were the political and economic changes in the nation
Political Changes War ends threat of secession; increases power of federal government Economic Changes • National Bank Act of 1863—federal system of chartered banks • Gap between North and South widens: - North: industry booms; commercial agriculture takes hold - South: industry, farms destroyed
Jefferson Davis
President of Confederacy during Civil War. Fiery leader who lacked sufficient power in a weak central government. Unable to get Southern governors to act in concert around a central military strategy
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederacy.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3076/2591088039_2f49310bc0.jpg
Abraham Lincoln
President of the United States during the Civil War. Strong, decisive and patient leader. Initially saw war as a quest to preserve the Union, but increasingly saw the necessity to end slavery permanently
Abraham Lincoln
President of the United States of America during the Civil War. http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2268/2393882882_9317266cb7.jpg
Clara Barton
Red Cross; worked at front lines
54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry
Regiment lead by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, was on of the first official African American units in the Civil War, Suffered massive casualties at the Battle of Fort Wagner, but inspired thousands of new African Americans
Red Cross
Relief agency founded by Clara Barton in 1881.
Maximilian Affair
France sent an rmy intoMexico and esstablished a French protectorate under puppet emperor Maximilian. US stationed troops on the Mexican border, took no action due to distraction from Civil War
*Hesitant commander with 100,00-man Union army designated to attack Richmond *Fought a series of battles on the peninsula but always delayed action *Lincoln held troops back to defend Washington Confederates attacked in a series of clashes, and
General McClellan
Sherman
General Sherman led the "March to the Sea" from Savannah to Georgia. Carried on "total war" strategy, burning anything that the Confederate Army could use to their advantages
Stonewall Jackson
General Thomas J. Jackson wouldn't let anyone through, BOSS, general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863) Was shot at the Battle of Chancellorsville and died
Vicksburg
Grant/Union victory, 1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy splits in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins
Copperheads
Group of Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South.
Sherman's March
Sherman's troops left a path of destruction on farms land and through villages in Georgia and South Carolina
border states
Slave states that remained in the Union (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware).
What were some of the hardships faced by all soldiers? What hardships did African American soldiers face?
Soldiers lived in dirty diseases conditions, the had washing requirements but some didn't even follow them, they had to wash their face and hands only once a day and a bath once a month. The food they were given was not quality. African American soldiers where faced with even more difficult situations they dealt with discrimination they had a higher mortality rate served separate regiments, they were also paid less, if caught by confederacy most were killed on spot and not treated like a prisoner of war.
life during the Civil War for civilians
South Shortages in south bc blockade and invasion Weak Confederate gov't struggled to contain inflation of currency Food riots and looting became common Military draft enacted by gov't to maintain army Only slave owners with 20+ slaves were exempt People were furious bc they thought it was an abuse of federal power North Union turned to draft to maintain military- only exempt by paying $300 Anti-draft riots spread- draft offices, African Americans and wealthy people were attacked Anti-war movement grew, especially after EP Copperheads- anti-war democrats in north Criticism against gov't caused Lincoln to suspend habeas corpus --> controversy bc it violated basic civil rights and liberties
Merrimack
Southern iron clad
Battle of Chancellorsville
Stonewall Jackson's North Virginian army out-flanked and defeated the Union army, allowing the Confederates to launch their first attack in the North
Ulysses S. Grant
Successful Union General, was known for fighting a war attrition (life for a life), and continuing the fight until he achieved unconditional surrender from his enemy
Ulysses S. Grant
Successful Union general who won battles in the Western Theater before being promoted as the top commander of the Union Army. http://o.quizlet.com/i/7yvjveH8sT_d4llb1Wxxdw.jpg
Lincoln's Wartime Presidency: Dissent
Suspended Habeas Corpus
Income Tax
Tax that takes a percentage of an individual's salary
Battle of Bull Run
The Battle of Bull Run, was fought on July 21, 1861, in Prince William County, Virginia, near the city of Manassas, not far from Washington, D.C ,(25 miles). It was the first major battle of the American Civil War.
Fort Sumter
The Battle of Fort Sumter was the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter, near Charleston, South Carolina, that started the American Civil War. April 14th 1861. Here Lincoln Mobilized 75,000 Troops to serve for 3 months. Start of the Civil War.
habeas corpus
The right not to be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime.
Anaconda Plan
The three-part strategy by which the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War. http://o.quizlet.com/i/afoz_0-804-xKLaZnKqiMw.jpg
Appomattox Court House
This Battle, was fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was one of the last battles of the American Civil War in Virginia.
Shiloh
This was battle fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. The battle was fought in the west prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. However, the Confederates strong resistance showed that they would not go quietly and the war was far from over.
Why did Lee invade the North at Gettysburg? (3 pts)
To force Grant's army back from attacking the Mississippi To damage Lincoln politically, so he loses his re-election to a Southern sympathizer To make a statement to European countries considering joining war
George McClellan
Top Union general at the beginning of the war. An over-cautious general, he was fired by President Lincoln for failure to press Lee's Confederate troops in Richmond. http://o.quizlet.com/i/x4Z4a56UDCrLem3xSDrk3w.jpg
Robert E. Lee
Top general in the Confederacy. A former Union officer that was offered command of the Union Army, later joined the South after his native Virginia seceded. http://o.quizlet.com/i/SuFaujE_WKC2f-1G2KykyQ.jpg
Reasons the South Surrendered (4 pts)
Total War crushed civilian morale Confederate States not working together Costly defeats in Gettysburg and Vicksburg Supplies and ammunition were depleted
Appomattox Court House
Town in Virginia where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, this ending the Civil War
US Sanitary Commission
Trained nurses; improve sanitation for soldiers
Who gave 1st income tax
Union
David G. Farragut
Union Admiral who captured, with a fleet of 40 ships, New Orleans in 1862.
David G. Farragut
Union Admiral, captured New Orleans and set up a blockade of commercial Southern ports
Peninsula Campaign
Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time
Gettysburg
Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. - Turning point of war???
Siege of Vicksburg
Union General Grant crossed the Mississippi and fought his way to the fortified city of Vicksburg, MS Gunboats on the river and cannons on land bomabrded the city for weeks After 48 days of bombardment, on July 4, 1863, (same day Lee retreated from Gettysburg) city of Vicksburg surrendered Union gained full control the Mississippi River
George McClellan
Union General during the 1st year of war. A wise strategist, but overly cautious. Fired by Lincoln in Nov. 1862 for failing to take advantage of the North's advantages
Ulysses S. Grant
Union General who defeated the Confederates and the Battle of Shiloh.
Admiral Farragut
Union admiral, Union ships commander that attacked the two forts guarding the approach to New Orleans and The Gulf of Mexico
William Tecumseh Sherman
Union army General.
Ulysses S. Grant
Union commander in the West: Tennessee/Mississippi River
The Trent Affair
Union forces arrested two Confederate diplomats off of a British ship, causing an international controversy. Lincoln backed down and apologized to Britain to prevent English admission to the Civil War
David Farragut
Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge. http://o.quizlet.com/i/QqKPx_EtPp9TsgJVhYvWNw.jpg
David G. Farragut
Union navy commander who seizes New Orleans, Baton Rouge by ship, took over Mississippi, and used ironclads and blockades
Clara Barton
Union nurse during the Civil War, known as an "angel of the battlefield;" founded the American Red Cross in 1881. http://o.quizlet.com/i/WxsSOh7OXNr4kCtiSdKt-A.jpg
Clara Barton
Union nurse that cared for the sick and wounded at the front lines
blockade
Union ships blocked the South's export of goods and cotton and importation of necessary manufactured goods Caused shortages throughout the South
Anaconda Plan
Union strategy to defeat the Confederacy
Monitor
Union warship build with iron - fought against the Merrimack, an iron-clad vessel built by Federal forces to do battle with the Merrimack
Battle of Atlanta
Union won 25% Confederate casualties Sherman blockaded city and forced Confederates to abandon it Hugely symbolic victory of capturing major southern city
William Tecumseh Sherman
United States general who was commander of all Union troops in the West he captured Atlanta and led a destructive march to the sea that cut the Confederacy in two (1820-1891)
Division of Virginia
Virginia secedes from Union following attack on Fort Sumter. The anti-slavery portion of Virginia separates from the whole to create West Virginia and joins the Union as a free state
Appomattox
Where Lee fled to with his 13,000 troops Grant surronded his small army --> no way out --> Lee surrendered At a small courthouse, Lee and Grant discussed terms of surrender --> Grant only asked Confederates to leave weapons and go home
life during the Civil War for women
Worked on farms, plantations, stores and factories while men were fighting war Some disgused as men enlisted in war Educated former slaves Increased demand for industrial war goods led to creation of thousands of new jobs Obtained first federal jobs as clerks and nurses Clara Barton helped wounded battlefield soldiers She would later found Red Cross volunteered on hospital ships/in hospitals behind the lines
Ulysses S. Grant
a West-point graduate who had failed @ everything he had tried incivillan life, an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War
Gettysburg Address
a famous speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln in Nov. 1863 at the dedication of a national cemitary on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg "The United States Are"--> "The United States is"
cavalry
a force of infantry on horseback sent to charge an enemy position
Copperheads
a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War
copperheads
a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War
Bull Run
a littler creek 25 miles from the Union capital, First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war.
Antietam
a sluggish creek that was near the flight of 2 armies, Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland, was the bloodiest single day battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualtie
Income Tax
a tax that takes a specified percentage of an individuals income. congress decided this would be the way we help pay for the war
Thirteenth Amendment
abolished slavery in the U.S.
Robert E. Lee
after Johnson was wounded, Robert became commander of the army, commander of the Confederate army, Was favored to win the war because of his superior military knowledg
Ulysses S. Grant
an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. (defeated Lee's army and won many battles)
Fort Sumter
an island on the Charleston Harbor, Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; first shots are fired by the confederates; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
Gettysburg Address
asserts unity of U.S. - honors dead soldiers - calls for living to dedicate selves to preserve Union, freedom
Dorothea Dix
became the nations first superintendent of women nurses.
cotton diplomacy
believed that by stopping the cotton trade with France and Great Britain that both would aid the South to restore it Use of cotton as a tool of Confederate foreign policy failed plan
habeas corpus
constitutional right of an arrested person to appear in court charged with a crime
Union blockade
created shortages of items such as salt, sugar, coffee, nails, needles, and medicines.
Confederate Advantages
knowledge of land, fighting to protect lifestyle, better trained soldiers, strong military leaders, superior cavalary, "home field" advantage
how the war affected southern slaves
lacked freedon behind army lines plantation owners were sabatoged
artillery
large-caliber guns used in warfare on land.
Northern Advantages
larger population meant more recruits & backup, better industry, abundant resources, better banking systems, ships & railroads, most of navy, president was Abraham Lincoln
Habeus Corpus
legal action or a right, a legal principle that requires authorities to show reasons why a person should be held in custody and to provide a speedy trial
how the war affected southern economy
less food union forces in food growing areas traided with the north
Robert E. Lee
main general of the Confederacy
Northern/Southern Women
many replaced men on farms and in city jobs
Fort Pillow
massacre of 200 black war prisoners
ironclads
metal navy ships armored gunboats that were among the most successful new weapons of the Civil War useful in battle on the Mississippi
Conscription
military draft
casualties
military term for those killed, wounded, or missing in action
anaconda plan
named after the snake that slowly squeezes its victim to death plan devised by Union general Scott to seal the South off from the rest of the world Union navy would blockade the South's ports which would prevent importation of manufactured goods and from exporting cotton and other products it sold to the rest of the world Union gunboats would move down the Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in two, which would weaken it, believing that southerners who didn't support secession would rise up and overthrow the Confederate leaders
Slave Resistance
no general uprising occurred amongst the slaves, but many confederates realized slavery was doomed by 1864.
regional economies
not only did the plantation system decline, but also included inflation and a new type of federal tax.
Habeas Corpus
the right not to be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
Shiloh
the second great battle of the American Civil War (1862)
Appomattox
the site of surrender of the Confederate general Lee to Union general Grant in April 1865, marking the end of the Civil War, his surrender prevent several more years of guerilla war, Grant was lenient- the idea of reconciliation not vengeance, the south could keep its horses and the generals could keep their guns
Andersonville
the worst confederate prison, about a third sent there died
Anaconda Plan
three-part union strategy to win the Civil War
Economic Boom Down Side
wages did not keep up with prices and peoples' standards of living declined.
John Wilkes Booth
was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.
Ford's Theater
where Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, April 14, 1865
Gettysburg
written on a napkin, Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North
Describe Andersonville
• Living conditions in prisons worse than in army camps • Andersonville—worst Confederate prison, in Georgia - has no shelter, sanitation; 1/3 of prisoners die • Northern prisons more space, food, shelter than Southern • 12% of Confederate prisoners, 15% of Union prisoners die
food shortage
1) drain of manpower into the army 2) the Union occupation of food growing areas 3) the lose of slaves to work in the fields
African-American Soldiers
1862, Congress passed a law allowing blacks to serve in military. by the end of the war, nearly ten percent of the Union army was black.
Lincoln's Dilemma
1Reinforcing fort by force would lead rest of slave states to secede 2 Evacuating fort would legitimize Confederacy, endanger Union *Lincoln would not surrender the fort, but would send food and other nonmilitary supplies.
Confederacy (3 pts)
1st Rate Generals like Jackson and Lee won victories with superior strategy Southerners more accustom to shooting and riding than Northern factory workers Southerners defending homeland, knew the terrain of geographically compact 11 states
Bull Run
1st real battle, Confederate victory, Washingtonian spectators gather to watch battle, Gen. Jackson stands as Stonewall and turns tide of battle in favor of Confederates, realization that war is not going to be quick and easy for either side
Robert E. Lee
A General for the confederates, fought many battles. One of his main plans towards the end of the civil war was to wait for a new president to come into office to make peace with. Fought Peninsular Campaign, 2nd battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville (with Jackson), and Gettysburg.
Habeas Corpus
A court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before a court to determine whether the person is being held in custody legally. Without habeas corpus, prisoners can be held indefinitely without ever being formally charged
Habeas Corpus
A court order that requires authorities to appear before a judge and acquire just cause for jailing a prisoner.
Conscription
A draft that would force certain members of the population to serve in the Army. Union- all me 20-45 years of age, Confederate- all men 18-35 years of age.
Inflation
A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.
Draft Riots
A series of violent disturbances in New York City; were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the Civil War. Mainly blacks and Irish
Gettysburg Address
A speech given by Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863 stating that the purpose of the Civil War was to protect liberty, equality, and democratic ideas.
William T. Sherman
A successful Union general who implemented the tactic of "total war" in order to defeat the South. Led successful military campaign to conquer Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. http://o.quizlet.com/i/9fKuJh6kENs2AQdRCiV9_A.jpg
Income tax
A tax on earnings
Merrimack
Abandoned Union warship salvaged by the Confederacy. Enforced with iron plates to become an ironclad ship. Renamed "Virginia"
13th Amendment
Abolished Slavery forever in the United States.
What was Lincoln's Legacy? Positives
Abolished slavery Maintained the Union Redefined American's ideals
John Wikes Booth
Actor and southern sympathizer, plotted to resuscitate the Confederate cause by assassinating Lincoln
Battle of Vicksburg
Battle for the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River. Union victory finally cut the Confederacy in two
John Wilkes Booth
An American stage actor and Confederate sympathizer who assassinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865. http://o.quizlet.com/i/x1FmsyDi1Mi9QUD1g1ECVg.jpg
13th Amendment
An amendment passed in 1865 that abolished slavery.
Emancipation Proclamation
An executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, freeing the slaves in all regions controlled by the Confederacy.
Battle of Shiloh
April 8, 1862 Confederate army retreated after Buell's troops arrived and Grant's attack Some of the bloodiest fighting; about 1 out of every 4 soldiers were killed or wounded 23,000 casualties: Union lost 13,000 and the Confederates lost more than 10,000 Union wins- takes over the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers, New Orleans and other cities Union leaders realize they need to completely defeat the Confederate's army to win the war
John Wilkes Boothe
Assassinated Abraham Lincoln. He escapes, and is trapped by Union cavalry and shot. 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln's funeral train.
reasons for southern surrender
At Appomattoc, Grant surronded Lee's small army, forcing him to surrdner bc no way out At a small courthouse Lee and Grant discussed terms of surrender Grant asked Confederates to leave weapons and go home
Second Battle of Bull Run
August 29, 1862 Lee lures Pope (new leader of the Union army) into a battle before McClellan arrives to build up their defense (same ground where the Confederates defeated McDowell's army the previous year) Pope met the same fate- Confederacy wins After his defeat, Lincoln puts McClellan back in command Northern morale reached a new low South decides to invade the north
Stonewall Jackson
Confederate general, known as General Lee's "right hand man;" killed by friendly fire at the Battle of Chancellorsville. http://o.quizlet.com/i/nUvfG5yzifp_eZ_BsdmNXQ.jpg
Antietam
Bloodiest battle in US history, Union repels Confederates from invading North. McClellan did not pursue retreating rebels, missing a golden opportunity to end the war early
Why did Britain remain neutral
Britain Pursues Its Own Interests *Britain has cotton inventory, new sources; does not need South *Needs Northern wheat, corn; chooses neutrality
How was the Emancipation Proclamation received?
Britain applauded Lincoln for granting everyone human rights Northern Democrats claimed it would prolong war and antagonize the South Confederates were outraged, becoming more determined then ever to preserve slave-holding society
Stonewall Jackson
Confederate general- arrives with reinforcements and defeated the Union who retreated but Confederate forces do not give chase.
Andersonville
Confederate military prison (26 acres) located in Georgia- 33,000 Union prisoners died due to horrible conditions. The worst confederate prison.
Andersonville
Confederate prison; terrible; no housing; overcrowding
William T. Sherman
Commander of Union military division in Mississippi, famous for his destructive total war in the South
Stonewall Jackson
Confederate General victorious at Bull Run. Known for his refusal to retreat, and inspiring soldiers to achieve victory through steadfast dedication. 2nd only to Robert E. Lee in the Virginia army
General Robert E. Lee
Confederate army leader he opposed secession, but would stand with Virginians (didn't own slaves - wife inherited them). Was modest, determined, unorthodox and pushed the Northern army away from Richmond.
Fort Sumter
Confederate attacked the Union their fort in South Carolina. This was the first actual battle & marked the start of the Civil War. (no casualties)
Robert E. Lee
Confederate commanding General in Virginia, brilliant military mind. Lee outmaneuvers Union forces to win several battles despite inferior manpower. His army took the brunt of the fighting in the Civil War
Fort Pillow
Confederate fort in Tennessee- massacre of 200 African-American POW's.
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Government program created to teach how to improve conditions in army camps and recruit and train nurses.
Lincoln's Wartime Presidency: Slavery
Emancipation proclamation
Impact of Civil War: Social
Emancipation puts millions of former slaves on route to citizenship 13th Amendment Experience discrimination despite being legally free Entire generation of men wiped out Between ages of 18-35 620,000 people die 20% of deaths were people between the ages of 18-35
What was Lincoln's Legacy? Negatives
Emancipation war an act of military (not moral) necessity Condoned Grant's total war Reduced civil rights during wartime
How did the Civil War lay the foundation for the US to become an industrial giant? (3 pts)
Federal Government subsidized the building of a national railroad New regulations strengthened the banking system Entrepreneurs built giant corporations based off of income from war supplies
Fort Sumter
Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War
George McClellan
General of the Union Army; fired by Lincoln for being too cautious
George McClellan
General who led the Union Armies in the West, Union general of the Army of the Potomac who was relieved of command after his failed attempt to capture the Confederate Capital of Richmon
Southern goals, strategies, strengths, and weaknesses
Goals to remain independent and leave slavery unchanged Strategies Prepared to defend northern invasion of South Fight defensive war until North gives up Defensive ("home") war in their territory Believed if they held off north invaders that they'd wear out and withdraw Establish Embargo by stopping the shipping of cotton to GB and France, convinced that they'd aid their side to restore trade Strengths Much more patriotic support and spirit Believed in fighting for freedom and their homeland Placed great value on bravery and fighting ability Threaten cotton trade w/ GB and France Cotton --> basis of textile manufacturing Military leadership (Robert Lee) Weaknesses Not as industrialized means not as much supplies Cotton diplomacy failed By the time they realized it failed, Northern blockade tightened, making export of cotton nearly impossible Smaller population Less communication smaller banking system
Northern goals, strategies, strengths, and weaknesses
Goals to save the Union by not abolishing slavery bc strong stance could alienate slave states remaining in Union Strategies Planned to seal the south off from the rest of the world --> Union ships would blockade southern ports preventing importation of necessary manufactured good (Anaconda Plan) thus ending war sooner Fleet of gunboats would move down Mississippi River (control over trade, communication, transportation) cutting the Confederacy in two --> weakens it and forces those who didn't support secession to overpower leaders --> end war Invade south and force them to rejoin the Union Strengths Much larger population equals more troops Better equipped for war More industrialized means faster and easier time producing war supplies Railroads equal better communication Larger banking system- investing in businesses Weaknesses plan would take a great deal of time to effectively blockade the south Reason to fight isn't as strong Not as many trained military leaders/troops northerners wanted and believed in a short war
Chancellorsville
In Virginia where Lee daringly divided his numerically inferior army and sent Stonewall Jackson to attack the Union flank. This was successful strategy as it was one of the Confederates most successful victories of the war. However, during the battle Jackson (Stonewall Jackson) was shot and killed by friendly fire which depleted the moral of the confederate force.
Impact of Civil War: Political
Increase power of wartime President Emancipation Proclamation Suspension of Habaes Corpus Drafting More intrusive Federal Government Income tax Seizing of telegraph cables
Red Cross
International organization that provides relief to people during war or natural disaster
Fort pillow
Massacre, confederacy killed 200 blacks prisoners and some white
Battle of Chancellorsville
May 23, 1853 Union General Joseph Hooker took over for Burnside after the defeat at Fredericksburg Outnumbered 70,000 to 40,000 Robert E. Lee attacked secretly that led to surprising Confederate victory Stonewall Jackson was killed by a fellow Confederate who thought he was a Union trooper Northern morale sunk even lower and southern spirits were lifted
Battle of Vicksburg
May-July 1863 (accidental). Ulysses S. Grant shelled this Confederate located on the Mississippi River for hours every single day until food supplies ran low.
Total Warfare
Military conflict in which the contenders are willing to make any sacrifice in lives and other resources to obtain a complete victory, as distinguished from limited war.
"Southern Spinal Cord"
Mississippi River
Union (4 pts)
More available soldiers (Northern population 22 million, South 9 million) Railroads and Manufacturing gave Northern considerable financial and supply advantage Naval Blockade eliminated Southern shipping Lincoln's wielding unquestioned federal power
Food shortage
Same paycheck higher prices
William Henry Seward
Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln. Played a role in preventing foreign intervention early in the war, and securing enough votes in House of Representatives to create the anti-slavery 13th amendment
Battle of Antietam
September 17, 1862 bloodiest single-day battle of the war (and U.S. history) 23,000 casualties ended when both sides were too exhausted to continue fighting Victory for the Union by defending their invasion Confederate troops slowly retreated to Virginia McClellan allows Lee to escape and didn't destroy the army so he loses his position
Battle of Antietam
September 17th, 1862. A decisive engagement in the American Civil War (1861-65) that halted the Confederate advance on Maryland for the purpose of gaining military supplies.
National Bank Act
Set up a system of federally chartered banks, set requirements for loans, and provided for banks to be inspected.
Monitor and the Merrimack
The Northern Monitor (had a rotating turret gun) and Southern Merrimack were the first ironclad wooden ships. Their legendary sea battle signaled the end of wooden ship battles.
How was emancipation a weapon for the North? (3 pts)
The South needed slaves to aid their economy Emancipation would prevent Britain from siding with the South The North benefited from slaves joining the union
What was the impact of the Gettysburg Address? (3 pts)
The US is one nation, not a mere collection of states Challenged America to live up to the ideal of "all men are created equal" The Union war worth fighting and dying for
conscription
The drafting of civilians to serve in the army.
General Ulysses S. Grant
The lead general of the Union Army. He was brave and bold. His daring attacks and recklessness lost him many men. First victory was at Forts Henry and Donelson.
Andersonville
The most infamous prison in the south. There was no shelter. There was a huge population, and there were food shortages, overcrowding, and disease that killed about 100 men a day during the summer months.
Emancipation Proclamation
document that freed the slaves in all areas that were in rebellion against the U.S
conscription
draft to serve in army
Conscription
drafting of civilians to serve in the army
Emancipation Proclamation
executive order issued bu Lincoln, freeing slaves in all regions behind Confederate lines
advantages the union has
factories food production rail road systems.
Battle of Bull Run
first major battle of the Civil war; fought in Virginia in 1861, either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862)
infantry
foot soldiers
conscription
forced services in the military extremely unpopular
Clara Barton
founded the American Red Cross cared for the wounded on the battlefield
Emancipation Proclamation
freed the slaves, issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free
Stonewall Jackson
general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)
Fort Pillow
gruesome massacre where confederate troops killed over 200 African Americans and some whites as they begged for their life
Northern Opposition To The War
high cost of war and some people in the north were simply sympathetic to the South
Northern Economic Growth
industries boomed, such as the need for uniforms, shoes, guns, and other suppose supported wooden mills, steel foundries, coal mines and many other industries.
Monitor
ironclad ship used by the North
Merrimack
ironclad ship used by the South
Monitor VS. Merrimack
ironclad ships used in the Civil War - changed the way we think and use of naval war fare ; it was a draw
habeas corpus
order to bring accused to court, name charges
New technologies of war
predominant tactics were based on wars conducted by Napoleon Involved sending cavalry on horseback to charge at an enemy New systems for reloading allowed soldiers to fire more often Used bullet-shaped ammunition which traveled through the air in a much faster and straighter line than a round ball Minié balls were large bullets that made a great damage on impact Discovered that cutting a spiral groove inside a gun barrel called a rifling made the bullet rotate after it was fired Both of these increased accuracy and range Union balloons rose to thousands of feet, allowing observers to see up to 6 miles, used to direct artillery fire Ironclads- metal navy ships (armored gunboats) The Confederate Hunley was the first submarine to sink an enemy vessel, but the explosion also sank the Hunley itself Union's Gatling gun, early machine gun, fired 200 times per minute Used railroads to transport troops Killing power of artillery increased Solid iron cannonballs were replaced with shrapnel- shells that exploded in the air over a/when it struck a target Canister turned artillery into giant shotguns that mowed down advancing troops Use of modern weapons produced huge number of casualties Telegraph allowed fast communication between generals
Jefferson Davis
president of the Confederate States of America
advantages the confederacy
profits earned on world market highly motivated soldiers first rate generals strong military tradition
William Tecumseh Sherman
replaced Grant in the west
George McClellan
replaced McDowell after Battle of Bull Run Leader of Union forces uses new strategies to fight and develop new weapons, making war more deadly hesitates too much, giving the Confederates a defensive advantage
embargo
restrict their export of cotton to markets overseas after Britain and France failed to recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation
fort pillow
site of Confederate massacre of more than 200 African American war prisoners
border states
slave holding states that remained in the Union and formed its border with the Confederacy Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri
13th Amendment
stated that slavery was illegal
United States Sanitary Commission
task was to improve the hygienic conditions of army camps and to recruit and train nurses.
freedmen
term for emancipated slaves were encouraged by the Proclamation to join the Union army and Navy
Antietam
the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation
