Chapter 11: Emotion and Motivation
Why do people overeat and/or become obese?
-Portion Distortion -Greater prevalence of high-fat foods -Decreases in physical activity
Are we good at affective forecasting? Why or why not?
BAD Focalism:cognitive bias that describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the "anchor") when making decisions. During decision making, anchoring occurs when individuals use an initial piece of information to make subsequent judgments. Under correction:a form of which is the durability bias, is the tendency for people to overestimate the length or the intensity of future feeling states.
What are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?
Bulimia nervosa maintains average BMI Extreme overeating followed by self-induced vomiting and misuse of laxatives to prevent weight gain Anorexia nervosa below normal BMI Excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self-perception
How is it influenced by genes and the environment?
Epigenetics relates to the influence of environmental factors on genes, either in the uterus or after birth. The field of epigenetics was developed after new methods were found that identify the molecular mechanisms (epi-marks) that mediate the effect of the environment on gene expression.
Through which means to we display emotion nonverbally?
Facial expressions The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures. Body movements and posture Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand up, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements. Gestures Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we're arguing or speaking animatedly—expressing ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so it's important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation. Eye contact Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person's response. Touch We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by the following: a weak handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a reassuring slap on the back, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on your arm. Space Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and affection, aggression or dominance. Voice It's not just what you say, it's how you say it. When we speak, other people "read" our voices in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as "ahh" and "uh-huh." Think about how someone's tone of voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.
incentive theories of motivation
Intrinsic motivation: motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding. Motivation is internal (from within a person). Extrinsic motivation: motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward(money, or pat on back) Motivation is external (from the environment) Extrinsic motivation can reduce intrinsic motivation Known as the over-justification effect add reward to activity they start to dislike the chore
Explain sexual desire and physiology of the human sexual response
Men and women experience sexual arousal very differently, not only physiologically but psychologically, according to researchers who are studying arousal using an array of new and refined methods.
What is an emotion versus mood?
Moods differ from emotions, feelings, or affects in that they are less specific, less intense, and less likely to be triggered by a particular stimulus or event. Moods are typically described as having either a positive or negative valence. In other words, people usually speak of being in a good mood or a bad mood.
What are some biological and cultural causes of these eating disorders?
Obesity- Leptin: hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used.. Leptin resistance - In obese people, leptin levels high in blood, but not in brain People who are obese find food more rewarding than those who are not obese. Set Point - value that establishes a range of body fat and muscle mass we tend to maintain Genetic susceptibility to obesity Anorexia- condition sometimes runs in families; young women with a parent or sibling with an eating disorder are likelier to develop one themselves. Then there are psychological, environmental, and social factors that may contribute
What is the difference between passionate and companionate love?
Passionate love is a desire, a lust, an uncontrollable feeling you have. An excitement so strong over something you love. An attraction for someone so great you may feel a sexual craving. Where as a companionate love is based more on a friendship, having common interests, having trust in each other etc.
Which factors contribute to attraction and why do they make us like people more?
Physical attractiveness: Research shows that romantic attraction is primarily determined by physical attractiveness. In the early stages of dating, people are more attracted to partners whom they consider to be physically attractive. Men are more likely to value physical attractiveness than are women. People's perception of their own physical attractiveness also plays a role in romantic love. The matching hypothesis proposes that people tend to pick partners who are about equal in level of attractiveness to themselves. Proximity: People are more likely to become friends with people who are geographically close. One explanation for this is the mere exposure effect. The mere exposure effect refers to people's tendency to like novel stimuli more if they encounter them repeatedly. Similarity: People also tend to pick partners who are similar to themselves in characteristics such as age, race, religion, social class, personality, education, intelligence, and attitude. This similarity is seen not only between romantic partners but also between friends. Some researchers have suggested that similarity causes attraction. Others acknowledge that people may be more likely to have friends and partners who are similar to themselves simply because of accessibility: people are more likely to associate with people who are similar to themselves. Reciprocity: People tend to like others who reciprocate their liking.
What is self-esteem? What does it cause?
The beliefs you have about yourself often appear to be statements of fact, although actually they're really only opinions. They are based on the experiences you've had in life, and the messages that these experiences have given you about the kind of person you are. If your experiences have been negative, your beliefs about yourself are likely to be negative too. -systematic punishment, neglect or abuse -failing to meet parental standards -failing to meet peer-group standards -being on the receiving end of other people's stress or distress. -belonging to a family or social group that other people are prejudiced towards -an absence of praise, warmth, affection or interest being the odd one out, at home or at school. Sometimes negative beliefs about yourself are caused by experiences later in life, such as workplace bullying or intimidation, abusive relationships, persistent stress or hardship, or traumatic events.
What is nonverbal expression of emotion?
The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.
What is sexual orientation?
a person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted; the fact of being heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
Explain drive reduction theory
an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality Homeostasis(balance, stability): the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state
What is the hedonic principle?
characteristics of pleasure and pain Changes in income or satisfying experiences temporarily affect happiness, but as people become accustomed to the new situation, the impact diminishes
Explain discrete emotions theory and the role of culture in this theory.
claim that there is a small number of core emotions eight basic emotions: surprise, interest, joy, rage, fear, disgust, shame, and anguish. role of culture: Discrete emotion theory states that these specific core emotions are biologically determined emotional responses whose expression and recognition is fundamentally the same for all individuals regardless of ethnic or cultural differences.
What are the unconscious influences on emotion?
cognitive psychology has begun to deal seriously with unconscious mental life, and the notion of the psychological unconscious: the idea that conscious experience, thought, and action is influenced by percepts, memories, and other mental states which are inaccessible to phenomenal awareness and somehow independent of voluntary control.
What is happiness?
combination of how satisfied you are with your life (for example, finding meaning in your work) and how good you feel on a day-to-day basis. Both of these are relatively stable—that is, our life changes, and our mood fluctuates, but our general happiness is more genetically determined than anything else.
What is the Schachter-Singer two-factory theory of emotion?
focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal. In other words, simply feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion.
What are the three sides of love?
intimacy, passion, and commitment
What is sexual motivation?
is the normal human interest in sexual objects and activities. This drive, referred to by Sigmund Freud as libido, is an aspect of an individual's sexuality and varies considerably between individuals and under various circumstances.
How do we forecast or predict our happiness?
is the prediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future. judging whether an event will make us happy/angry/sad before the event and for how long
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. 1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear. 3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work). 4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others. 5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
What are the myths and realities of what makes us happy?
myths:. "I'll Be Happy When I'm Married to the Right Person" "I Can't Be Happy When My Relationship Has Fallen Apart" "I Need a Partner to Be Happy" "Landing My Dream Job Will Make Me Happy" "I'll Be Happy When I'm Rich and Successful" "I Will Never Recover from This Diagnosis" "The Best Years of My Life Are Over" Realties: -having friends -helping others -expressing gratitude -when you re completely immersed in what you are doing
What is emotional expression?
refers to how one conveys emotional experience through both verbal and nonverbal behavior. important part of emotion regulation and can affect health outcomes. Emotional expression is embedded in the broader domain of emotion regulation, which is defined as how individuals, either consciously or unconsciously, influence, experience, and express emotions
What is positive psychology?
scientific study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive. The field is founded on the belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within themselves, and to enhance their experiences of love, work, and play.
How does hunger arise?
sensations. Hunger represents the physiological need to eat food. Satiety is the absence of hunger; it is the sensation of feeling full Hunger signals are sent to and from the brain. The hypothalamus is specifically involved in hunger
What is the universality hypothesis for facial expressions of emotion?Which emotions have been shown to have a universal quality?
signals of specific emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust) that are recognized by people everywhere, regardless of culture or language.
What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously.
defensive pessimism
strategy used by anxious people to help them manage their anxiety so they can work productively. Defensive pessimists lower their expectations to help prepare themselves for the worst. Then, they mentally play through all the bad things that might happen.
What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?
suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events We have experiences, and as a result, our autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, heart rate increases, perspiration, dryness of the mouth, etc. This theory proposes that emotions happen as a result of these, rather than being the cause of them.
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
that facial movement can influence emotional experience. For example, an individual who is forced to smile during a social event will actually come to find the event more of an enjoyable experience.
What is attraction?
the action or power of evoking interest, pleasure, or liking for someone or something.
What is motivation?
the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.the general desire or willingness of someone to do something.