Chapter 11: Heredity

Phenotype vs. Genotype

Physical Make-Up is Phenotype and Genetics are Genotype.

In snapdragons, alleles resulting in red pigment and white pigment exhibit incomplete dominance. If red snapdragons are crosses with pure white snapdragons the offspring of the F1 generation will be

Pink

If a cross between heterozygotes for a single trait results in three separate phenotypes, which of the following types of inheritance is the likely reason?

Incomplete Dominance

If heterozygous parents are crossed, a 1:21 phenotypic ratio will be observed in offspring when which of the following types of the following type of heredity involved

Incomplete Dominance

P

Parental Gene

F2

offspring of F1 genes

F1

offspring of parents gene

Those who are homozygous ____________________________ will exhibit the symptoms of cystic fibrosis, including abnormalties of the pancreas, intestine, sweat glands, and lungs.

recessive

Type AB Blood

1. Adds in both galactosamine and galactose sugars (A and B) 2. I^A and I ^B ( 1 genotype) 3. Universal receiver 4. Donates to AB.

Type O Blood

1. Features no sugars 2. Recessive genotype (ii) 3. Universal Donor 4. Receives type O.

Why did Gregor Mendel study the garden pea plants?

1. Short generation of time 2. Earlier investigators used the pea plant 3. They can self-fertilize 4. Lots of variety

Examples of enviornmental effects on phenotype?

1. The number of seeds eaten by a bird affects its weight. 2. The amount of sunlight experienced by a sunflower affects the number of seeds produced.

The stages of Gregor Mendels experiment in order from first(top) to last.

1. To allow plants to cross to ensure that they were true-breeding. 2. Performed reciprocal crosses between true breeding varieties. 3. Allow the hybrid offspring to self-fertilize. 4. Count the offspring of each variety.

Dihybrid Cross

-2 traits -16 squares

Monohybrid Cross

-Contains four squares

Type A Blood

1. Adds galactosamine sugars. 2. I^A I^A (homo genotype 1) 3. I^A i^A (hetero genotype 2) 4. Can receive blood transfusions from blood type A and O. 5. Can donate blood types A and AB

Type B Blood

1. Adds galactose sugars. 2.I^B I^B (homo genotype 1) 3. I^B i^B (hetero genotype 2) 4. Can receive blood transfusions from types B and O 5. Can donate blood to types B and AB.

In incomplete dominance, the genotypic ratio in the F2 generation is which of the following.

1:2:1

If a particular gene in a population has multiple alleles, how many alleles can a diploid individual inherit?

2 alleles

A cross between heterozygotes for a single trait will lead to a phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1. How many phenotypes are there if incomplete dominance is occuring.

3

A woman who has type B blood and a man who as type A blood could have children with which of the following blood type ?

A, AB, B, O

The heterozygote shows some aspect of both homozygotes in which of the following

Codominance

Dominant Pedigree

Dominant trait that appears most commonly in inheritance patterns of a group of people.

When the interaction of genes alters genetic ratios, this is caale

Epistasis

Synthesis of the pigment anthocyanin, coloration of certain plant parts, for example, seeds in certain commercial corn varieties. Because anthocyanin is made through a sequence of reactions, a gene involved in this pathway can interfere with the phenotypic expression of another gene, which leads to modified Mendellans ratios in monohybrid crosses. This is an example of.....

Epistasis which is when one genotype interferes with another.

True or False: Due to the diploid nature of eukaryotic cells, a gene can never have more than two alleles in a population of organisms.

False, for only a couple dozen alleles that can be formed in a population of organisms.

True Breeding is always

Homozygous

A cross between heterozygotes for a single trait will lead to a phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1. How many phenotypes are there if incomplete dominance is occuring?

Three

An individual can acquire only__________________- allele(s) per trait, even if multiple alleles are present in the population.

Two

Blood Types

Type A (dominant) TypeB (dominant) Type AB (dominant) Type O (recessive)

The pattern of fur color in Siamese cats is due to a heat-sensitive version if which the following enzymes?

Tyrosinase

The expression of two different alleles simultaneously in the heteroygote is called

codominance

The moutation that causes cystic affects several traits and is, therefore, an example of a(n)

pleiotropic mutation

A parent with a genotype of RrYy can produce which of the following gametes?

ry,RY,rY,Ry

Examples of enviornmental influences on phenotype include

the pattern of coat color in Himalayan rabbits the pattern of coat color in Siamese cats

Punnette Squares

used to figure out the genotype/phenotype of organisms.

Pedigree Analysis

used to track down inheritance patterns in families of animals commonly.