Chapter 11: learnsmart

which types of microbes are particulary likely to secrete proteases, which allow them proteins as an energy and carbon source

- Fungi - Soil microorganisms - Pathogens

Photosynthesis includes two types of reactions: energy is trapped during the _______ reactions, and this energy is used to fix CO2 and synthesize organic molecules during the ________ reactions.

- Light - Dark

The TCA cycle serves which of these fucntions

- Provides NADH to the electron transport chain - Provides one ATP or GTP for each acetyl-CoA molecule oxidized

idenfity the net yield of products that are produced when one molecule of glucose is catabolized by the Entner-Douboroff pathway that is coupled with second half of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway

-1 NADH -1 ATP -1 NADPH

terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic

-CO2 -NO3 - -sulfate

select all of these are glycolytic pathway

-Entner-Douderoff pathway -pentose phosphate -Embden-Meyerhof

why the theoretrical maximum production of ATP from glucose catabolism is rarely reached by a bacteria cell such as E. coli

-PMF is used for other processes besides ATP synthesis -some glycolytic pathway intermediates used for biosynthesis

Select the two sources of electrons available to all organisms

-Reduced inorganic compounds - Reduced organic compunds

turn of the TCA cycle

1 FADH2 1 ATP or GTP 3 NADH 2 CO2

Which of these pathways is most commonly used by microorganisms for the degradation of glucose to pyruvate?

Embden-Meyerhof

The most common pathway used for degardation of glucose to pyruvate is the _________.

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

The proton motive force can power cellular activity as protons move from _______ concentration to ________ concentration across a membrane.

High; low

in the mitochondrial electron chain, which complex does NOT pump protons across the membrane

II

photosystem I photosystem II

P700 P680

ATP precursor metabolite reducing power

The major molecules used to store energy Organic molecule that provides carbon skeleton needed for biosynthesis Supplies electrons for chemical electrons

Archaeohordopsin, initally called bacteriorhodopsin, is responsible for

a chlorophyll-independent photosynthesis

because of their role in photosynthesis, carotenoids, and phycobilliproteins are called

accessory pigments

pyruvate dehydrogense oxidizes and cleaves CO2 from pyruvate, forming the molecule shown in a diagram, which is ____ -coenzyme A

acetyl

A bacterial cell that is catabolizing amino acids will typically excrete any excess nitrogen as _____________

ammonium

terminal electron acceptor other than oxygen is used for electron transport is called

anaerobic respiration

which metabolic pathway does not require oxygen and uses a proton motive force to generate ATP energy?

anaerobic respiration

Most of the ATP generated during respiration is derived specifically from the

electron transport chain

chemicals are formed during mixed acid fermentation?

ethanol lactic acid acetic acid

lipases can hydrolze triglycerides, forming which products

fatty acids glycerol

metabolic pathway does not require oxygen and does not use PMF to generate ATP energy

fermentation

phosphorlyation of glucose twice during the 6-carbon phase of Embden-Meyerhof pathway results in what immediate product

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

biochemical processes that provide important chemical building blocs are called ____ reactions

fueling

Even when they are not using an electron transport chain, fermenting bacteria need a proton motive force for ________________

transport

in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, ____is synthesized from ADP and phosphate, using a type of potential energy called the ___motive force

ATP proton

Products of noncyclic photophosphorylation

ATP and NADPH

denitirification nitrification

Reduction of No3- to N2 Oxidation of NH3 to NO3-

purple green sulfur

They have a photosystem similar to photosystem II but lack the other They have a photosystem I but lack the other

in photosynthetic eukaryotes, photosystems I and II, along with their antennae, reside in thlakoid membranes located in

chloroplasts

light-absorbing pigments of some anoxygenic phototrophs are located in membranous vesicles

chlorosomes

beta carotene fucoxanthin phycobiliproteins

cyanobacteria and most photosytheic protists diatoms and dinoglafellates red algae and cyanobacteria

removal of amino group from the amino acid is called

deamination

which statement is the most clearly beneficial (to humans) effect of the use of nitrate (NO3-) as an electron acceptor in microbial anaerobic respiration

decreased NO3- in water a sewage treatment plants

when dissimilatory nitrate reduction leads to the production of gases that escape into the atmosphere, this process is called _____

denitrification

Organisms that perform fermentation using the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway, then reduce pyruvate to lactate, are called ____ fermenters

homolactic

three-carbon of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway of glucose degradation geneates ___ of NADH per glucose molecule

two

select all of these statements that correctly describe differences between the electron chains of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

-Prokaryotic ETCs may have more entry and exit points for electrons. - Prokaryotic ETCs may be branched. - Prokaryotic ETCs may be shorter

Select the organisms that utilize lactic acid fermentation.

-Some water molds - Bacteria of the genus Bacillus - Algae of the genus Chlorella - Mammals (skeletal muscle)

select any process that can be powered by the proton motive force

-bacterial flagellar rotation -ATP synthesis -active transport

photosystems I and II

-both photosystems are active in orgenic photosynthesis -photosystem II absorbs light at a shorter wavelength -photosystem II transfer energy to reaction center P680

correct synonyms for chemooganoheterotrophs

-chemoorganotrophs -chemhetertroph

role of oxygen-evolving complex in photosynthesis

-contain manganese ions -extracts electrons from water

byproducts that may be formed during butanediol fermentation

-formic acid -lactic acid -ethanol

select all of the processes that would be performed by a photoheterotrophic microbe

-light energy is used to drive ATP synthesis -carbon is derived from preformed organic compounds

select all of these organisms that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

-most plants -most algae -cyanobacteria

in general, electron transport chains operate by transferring electrons from carriers with more ____ reduction potentials, to those with more ____ reduction potentials

-negative -positive

select all correct descriptions of anoxygenic photosynthesis

-no oxygen is produced -energy from the sun is captured and converted to reducing power -only one photosystem is used

select any condition that applies to all microbial fermentation reactions

-oxygen is not needed -the yield of ATP is relatively low -NADH is oxidized to NAD+

select two sources of carbon available to all organisms

-reduced organic compounds -CO2

select all of these conditions that will cause some chemoorganotropic microbes to rely on fermentation

-some lack an electron transport chain (ETC) -environment lacks terminal electron acceptor -repression of ETC component synthesis under anoxic conditions

Arrange these molecular structures involved in capturing light for photosynthesis according to the order in which they capture light energy.

1) Antennas 2) Chlorophyll to chlorophyll 3) Reaction center chlorophyll pair

Arrange these molecules according to the order in which they are formed in the Enter-Douderoff pathway.

1) Glucose 6-phosphate 2) 6-phophogluconate 3) 2-keto-deoxy-6-phospohgluconate 4) Glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate and pyruvate

Arrange these steps in alcoholic fermentation according to the order in which they occur.

1) Glucose is oxidized 2) Pyruvate is decarboxylated 3) Acetaldehyde is reduced

Using the illustration to help, arrange these events of the Q cycle according to the order in which they occur.

1) Oxidation of two reduced coenzyme Q molecules 2) Transfer of two electrons to FeS of complex III 3) Transfer of two electrons to Cyt c

what reasons explain why fatty acids are a rich source of energy for the cell?

1. Acetyl-CoA from fatty acid oxidation can feed into the TCA cycle 2. NADH and FADH2 from fatty acid oxidation can be oxidized by the electron transport chain.

Arrange these events of TCA cycle according to the order in which they usually occur

1. acetyl-CoA deposits the acetyl group into oxaloacetate 2. citrate is rearranged to isocitrate 3. formation of alpha-ketoglutarate 4. formation of succinyl-CoA 5. formation of succinate 6. regeneration of oxloacetate

steps of denitrification

1. reduction of NO3- 2. formation of nitric oxide 3. formation of nitrous oxide 4. formation of nitrogen gas

typically, how many molecules of ATP are produced by the TCA cycle from each molecule of glucose that is completely oxidized to 6 CO2 molecules

2

Beginning with one glucose molecule, the maxium theoretical yield of ATP from the TCA cycle alone is _____ ATP from substrate-level phosphorlyation and ____ ATP from NADH and ____ ATP from FADH2 that undergoes oxidative phosphorlation

2 15 3

during the dark reactions of oxygenic phototrophs, the reduction of one CO2 to carbohydrate requires ___ molecules of NADPH and ____ molecules of ATP

2 3

During the complete oxidation of glucose by aerobic respiration, a max of 4 ATP molecules are made by substrate-level phosphorylation, compared to how many ATP molecules made by oxidative phosphorylation?

28

Often, Embden-Meyerhof pathway is thought of in two parts. The second part of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway takes the "half-way" _______carbon compound and generates _____________.

3 pyruvate

the electron carriers out the eukaryotic ETC are arranged into how many complexes?

4

it has been often said that the machinery involved in the bacterial flagella appers to operate similar to that of ___

ATP synthase

The complete catabolism of a reduced organic energy source to CO2, using glycolytic pathways and the TCA cycle, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor for electron transport, is called ______ respiration.

Aerobic

biochemcial pathways that can operate in both catabolic and anabolic directions are called ____ pathway

Amphibolic

location of F1 location of Fo beta subsunits of F1 gamma subunits of F1

Attaches tot the inner mitochondrial membrane by a stalk Embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane Contain catalytic sites for ATP synthesis Extends through F1 and interacts with F0

The most important light-absorbing pigments involved in oxygenic photosynthesis are the

Chlorophylls

select the bacterial genera that perfrom butanediol fermentation

Enterobacter Serratia

Oxidation of an organic energy source using an endogenous, organic electron acceptor, with no involvement of the electron transport chain, is called ________.

Fermentation

Eukaryotes ETC Prokaryote ETC

More efficient with a P/O ratio range of 2.5 (for NADH) to 1.5 (for FADH2) Less efficient with a P/O ratio range of 1.3 (for high O2 levels) to 0.67 (for low O2 levels)

As a result of electron transport, a proton gradient is formed, and an ATP is synthesized by a process known as ______ phosphorylation.

Oxidative

Photosynthetic eukaryotes and cyanobacteria carry out a type of photosynthesis called _______ photosynthesis.

Oxygenic

The combined chemical and electrical potential differences that are created across membranes (the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes or the plasma membrane of prokaryotes) are called the _______ ________ force.

Proton motive force

Select all the statements that describe the electron transport chain of E. coli

b. it adjusts to different oxygen levels c. the cytochrome bd branch operates at low oxygen conditions d. the cytochrome bo branch operates when E. coli is growing rapidly with good aeration

Amphibolic pathway are important because they

can funciton both catabolically and anabolically

two sources of carbon availbe for organisms are reduced organic compounds and

carbon dioxide

chemolithoautotrophs chemlithoheterotrophs chemoorganoheterotrophs photolithoautotrophs photoorganohetertroph

carbon from CO3; energy from inorgainc chemcials; inorganic e- donor organic carbon source; energy from inorganic chemcials; inorganic e- donor organic carbon source; energy from organic; organic e- donor carbon from CO2; energy from light, inorgnaic e- donor organic carbon source; energy from light; organic e- donor

During oxygenic photosynthesis, light energy is captured by photosystem 1, and electrons move from reaction center P700, through a series of electron carriers, and back to P700 in a process called ____________ photophosphorylation

cyclic

in bacteria and archaea, enzymes of the TCA cycle are located in the

cytoplasm

many bacteria, archaea, and fungi secrete _____ to hydrolyze a vareity of polysacchrades that are too large to cross their plasma membrane

exoenzymes

oxygen is produced by both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

false

any of the pathways that catabolize glucose to pyruvate can be referred as

glycolysis

compared to aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration produces ___ATP

less

In general terms, the two sources of energy available for organisms are certain chemicals (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and _______.

light

lactose catabolizers clostridia pseudomonads

mammalian intestinal tract protein-rich habitats may thrive on pesticides, PCBs, or glue

Compared to the oxidation of glucose by chemoorganotrophs, the amount of energy available from the oxidation of inorganic molecules by chemolithotrophs is _____________

much less

Entner-douderoff pathway is mainly used by Gram ____ bacteria

negative

the process of some bacteria to oxidize ammonia to nitrate

nitrification

during the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, the second instance of substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when ADP receives a phosphate from which of these intermediates?

phosphoenolpyruvate

use of solar energy to reduce CO2 and incorporate it into organic compound is

photosynthesis

under low-oxygen conditions, Halobacterium salinarum expresses archaeorhodopsin, which functions as _____ pump

proton

In the Entner-Duoderoff pathway, 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate is a key intermediate, which is converted to which 2 products?

pyruvate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

The green wavelength is irrevalant to photosynthetic organisms that use chlorophyll-a and -b because they mainly absorb which 2 colors of light?

red and blue

Which statment best describes the use of NADPH produced by Entner-Doudoroff pathway?

reducing power for anabolic reactions

in order to produce NAD(P)H they need, many chemolithotrophs use a process called ____ electron flow

reverse