Chapter 11 Lesson 3: Striving for Equality

Booker T. Washington

(1856-1915) founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama, which trained African Americans in agricultural and vocational pursuits, in 1881. By the early 1900s Washington was the nation's foremost African American leader. But his focus on education and economic progress, rather than equal rights as the key to racial progress put him at odds with African American intellectuals, most notably W.E.B. Du Bois.

W.E.B. Du Bois

(1868-1963) Was an African American scholar and reformer who helped found the Niagara Movement and the NAACP. Du Bois believed that African Americans could make gains in society through activism and protest, and he supported efforts to unite African Americans to fight discrimination and policy. As editor of the NAACP's publication, The Crisis, Du Bois became of the early civil rights' movement best known voices.

What was the impact of the Citizenship Act of 1924? A) It gave American Indians the right to vote B) It allowed American Indians to sell their plots of reservation land. C) It made American Indians citizens once they completed an assimilation program. D) It forbade American Indians from protesting federal policies.

A) It gave American Indians the right to vote

How did the Plessy v. Ferguson court case affect American Society? A) It prevented newly-arrived immigrants from voting. B) It supported the norm of segregation in many areas of American life C) It encouraged the assimilation of immigrants into American Society. D) It supported flawed scientific theories that enforced racist ideologies.

B) It supported the norm of segregation in many areas of American life

What was the major strategy used by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in their effort to achieve racial equality? A) The NAACP organized protests across the South to highlight the injustice of segregation. B) The NAACP used litigation to challenge unfair laws and expand rights for African Americans C) The NAACP helped African Americans enter colleges and earn their professional degrees. D) The NAACP lobbied Congress for an amendment to the Constitution that would secure equal political rights for African Americans.

B) The NAACP used litigation to challenge unfair laws and expand rights for African Americans

On what principle did Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. du Bois agree? A) They both argued that over time, with hard work and patience African Americans could secure equality. B) They both believed African Americans should immediately demand full equality. C) They both believed injustices against African Americans must be ended D) They both urged white Americans to exercise caution in extending equality to African Americans.

C) They both believed injustices against African Americans must be ended

Why did many Mexican Americans form mutualistas? A) to establish minority labor unions. B) to put land in their children's names. C) To provide financial and legal support for one another D) to desegregate and diversify school systems.

C) to provide financial and legal support for one another

American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

Granted citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.

Niagara Movement

Group of African American thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in education and voting practices.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Urban League

Network of churches and clubs that set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get settled and find work in cities.

Anti-Defamation League

Organization formed in 1913 to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements.

Mutualistas

Organized groups of Mexican Americans that make loans and provide legal assistance to other members of their community.

Americanization

The belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens