Chapter 11: Major Minerals and Bone Health (Wiley Questions)
How is calcium in the blood regulated? A: Calcitonin causes calcium to be deposited in the bone. B: Calcitonin decreases intestinal calcium absorption. C: Parathyroid hormone stimulates the kidneys to secrete calcium. D: Parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium release from bone.
d
Which of the following would be good food sources of dietary calcium for those who are lactose intolerant? Select all that apply. A: soy products processed with calcium B: green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and kale C: fermented dairy products, such as yogurt D: low-fat milk and cheese
a, b, c
Which of the following are functions of phosphorus? Select all that apply. A: constituent of DNA B: provides rigidity to bones C: component of the hormone adrenaline D: transports lipids throughout the body
a, b, d
At approximately what age does bone breakdown begin to exceed formation?
40
In the level of blood calcium falls too low, _________________ is released, stimulating the release of calcium from bone, reducing calcium excretion by the kidney, and activating vitamin D.
parathyriod hormone
Even after physical growth stops, bone mass continues to increase into young adulthood when the _____________________________________ is achieved.
peak bone mass
Bone consists of a __________________ matrix hardened by mineral deposits.
protein
Phosphorus forms ______________________ crystals that provide rigidity to bones.
Hydroxyapatite
Like calcium, ____________________ is found in dairy products such as milk, yogurt, and cheese, but meat, cereals, bran, eggs, nuts, and fish are also good sources.
Phosphorus
True or False. ATP does NOT contain phosphorus.
false
True or False. Calcium is more readily absorbed than phosphorus in the diet.
false
Calcium absorption is inhibited by:
fiber
What factor might increase mineral bioavailability? A: Proportion of dietary calcium absorbed is higher with increases in age. B: Consumption of acidic foods enhances iron absorption. C: A high intake of calcium in a meal promotes iron absorption. D: The presence of phytic acid promotes zinc absorption.
b
What factor might increases the risk of osteoporosis? A: weight-bearing exercise B: tobacco use C: regular sun exposure D: adequate calcium intake
b
What is a function of magnesium? A: Magnesium maintains acid-base balance. B: Magnesium helps to regulate calcium in the blood. C: Magnesium activates vitamin A. D: Magnesium prevents cardiovascular disease.
b
What is a major source of dietary sulfur? A: minerals salts B: proteins C: fats D: carbohydrates
b
Which of the following is NOT a role of calcium in body fluids? A: essential for blood clotting B: temperature regulation C: regulation of blood pressure D: release of neurotransmitters
b
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding mineral needs? A: Deficiencies rarely have long-term effects on health. B: Minerals that are essential in small doses can be toxic if consumed in excess. C: Environmental sources of minerals cannot lead to toxicity. D: Deficiencies always cause symptoms that impact short-term health.
b
Which one of the following food is a good source of magnesium? A: beef steak B: garbanzo beans C: applesauce D: canned sardines
b
The lower the peak bone mass, the _________________ the risk of osteoporosis.
greater
Which of the following are TRUE regarding the regulation of blood calcium levels? Select all that apply. A: calcitonin raises blood calcium B: calcitonin inhibits the release of calcium from bone C: PTH activates vitamin D in order to increase calcium absorption D: PTH lowers blood calcium
b, c
Which of the following are good sources of calcium? Select all that apply. A: catfish B: legumes C: kale D: tofu
b, c, d
The process whereby bone is continuously broken down and re-formed to allow for growth and maintenance is called ______________ _______________.
bone remodeling
The majority of phosphorus in the body is found in:
bones and teeth
What is a function of phosphorus? A: Phosphorus is required for blood clotting. B: Phosphorus promotes sodium retention by the kidneys. C: Phosphorus is a major constituent of the genetic material DNA and RNA. D: Phosphorus helps to maintain normal blood pressure.
c
What is the role of sulfur in the body? A: Sulfur maintains normal blood pressure. B: Sulfur activates vitamin D in the body. C: Sulfur helps to regulate acid-base balance. D: Sulfur triggers the excretion of toxic substances.
c
What role do minerals play in promoting proper nutrition? A: Minerals in today's diet come mainly from plant food sources. B: Minerals are needed in large amounts for maintaining body structure. C: Minerals help to regulate chemical reactions and body processes. D: Mineral supplements are required to ensure nutrient adequacy.
c
Which of the following are NOT good sources of magnesium? A: nuts and seeds B: spinach and kale C: low fat milk and cheese D: bananas and wheat germ
c
Which of the following is TRUE regarding bone remodeling? A: during remodeling the activity of osteoclasts exceeds that of osteoblasts B: bone is formed by osteoclasts C: bone remodeling is essential for growth and maintenance D: bone is broken down by osteoblasts
c
Which of the following processes does NOT directly involve calcium? A: maintenance of heart beat B: nerve transmission C: pH regulation D: blood clotting
c
True or False. Low calcium intake is the MOST significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis.
True
What is a function of calcium? A: Calcium is necessary in blood clotting. B: Calcium promotes muscle relaxation. C: Calcium elevates blood pressure. D: Calcium causes nerve cells to fire spontaneously.
a
What role do vitamin C and protein play in bone health? A: They are needed to maintain collagen. This is correct answer B: They are needed to maintain levels of calcium. You got it wrong' C: They are needed to ensure full absorption of vitamin K. D: They are needed to maintain levels of phosphorus.
a
Which of the following is a general property of minerals? A: trace minerals are needed in amounts of 100 mg or less per day You got it right B: trace minerals are needed in amounts of 50 mg or less per day C: minerals in food are easily destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light D: they contain carbon and are needed by the body as structural components
a
Which of the following would be present if an individual had a calcium deficiency? A: osteoporosis B: poor appetite C: constipation D: kidney stones
a
Which one of the following foods is a good source of phosphorus? A: hot oatmeal B: fresh orange C: white bread D: olive oil
a
Which sections of MyPlate contain good sources of calcium besides dairy? A: vegetables and grains B: fruits and grains C: vegetables and fruits D: fruits and proteins
a
In the body where is dietary sulfur found? Select all that apply. A: certain vitamins B: proteins C: unsaturated fats D: certain carbohydrates
a, b
Which of the following are TRUE regarding mineral bioavailability? Select all that apply. A: large doses of single minerals from a dietary supplement may interfere with absorption of other materials You got it right B: oxalates bind minerals in the GI tract reducing absorption You got it right C: when body stores of a mineral low absorption will increase You got it right D: mineral ions with the opposite charge compete for absorption in the GI tract
a, b, c
Which of the following increase the risk of osteoporosis? Select all that apply. A: history of eating disorders B: increased age C: Asian heritage D: male gender E: participating in weight-bearing activity
a, b, c
Which of the following affects mineral bioavailability? Select all that apply. A: the body's ability to absorb specific minerals B: the composition of the diet C: the age of the individual D: the height of the individual E: the nutritional status of the individual
a, b, c, e
Which of the following are good sources of magnesium? Select all that apply. A: kale B: white flour C: bananas D: beef
a, c
Which of the following factors increase the risk for osteoporosis? Select all that apply. A: being underweight B: being of African American descent C: being female D: regularly engaging in strength training
a, c
Together, low PTH levels and the presence of __________________ cause a decrease in blood calcium levels.
calcitonin
_______________________ provides structure to bones and teeth, by forming crystals with _______________ that harden the matrix of bone and teeth.
calcium; phosphorus
Sulfur is found in the side chain of the amino acids ________________________and ______________________.
cysteine; methionine
A food that is considered to be a good source of calcium is A: spinach. B: red beans. C: wheat bran. D: Chinese cabbage.
d
Magnesium is known to be involved in all of the following EXCEPT A: regulation of calcium homeostasis. B: stabilizer of ATP. C: muscle contraction. D: production of red blood cells.
d
Maintaining bone health involves A: forming bone that is 100% compact. B: reaching peak bone mass by age 40. C: remodeling using osteoblasts and osteoclasts. D: keeping calcium in the bones regardless of blood concentrations.
d
The negative impact on bone health of a diet high in phosphorus containing food additives can be minimized by adequate intake of A: vitamin C. B: vitamin B12. C: iron. D: calcium.
d
What is TRUE about the peak bone mass? A: Men start to lose bone mass after about age 25. B: During childhood, sex differences in bone mass first appear. C: Women have a higher bone mineral density than men. D: Women experience accelerated bone loss after menopause.
d
Which organ(s) participates in the activation of vitamin D? A: parathyroid gland B: thyroid gland C: thyroid and kidneys D: kidneys and parathyroid gland
d
The _________________ ________________ include those needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight.
major minerals
True or False. In the absence of PTH, excretion of calcium by the kidney increases, less vitamin D is activated, reducing absorption of dietary calcium; and less calcium is released from bone.
true
True or False. Magnesium is essential for the maintenance of bone structure.
true
True or False. The majority of magnesium in the body is found in the skeletal system.
true
According to current research, this vitamin may prove to be important to maintaining overall bone health.
vitamin k
True or False. Three good food sources of magnesium are sunflower seeds, almonds and spinach.
True