Chapter 11 Nervous System

where is the CNS and what is its function

- brain and spinal cord- receive, process, transfer info

mc: By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus? A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials per unit time. A stronger stimulus results in greater depolarization. A stronger stimulus results in hyperpolarization of the neuron. A stronger stimulus results in faster traveling action potentials.

A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials per unit time.

mc: Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one? Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump. Action potentials include a depolarization phase followed by a repolarization phase. Once triggered, an action potential always looks the same in form and voltage. An action potential continues to propagate itself into the next region of an axon.

Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump.

mc: Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one? Action potentials include a depolarization phase followed by a repolarization phase. An action potential continues to propagate itself into the next region of an axon. Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump. Once triggered, an action potential always looks the same in form and voltage.

Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump.

tf: Neurotransmitters always cause depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. True False

True

tf: The absolute refractory period characteristic of neurons is important in ensuring that action potentials travel in only one direction. True False

True

mc: There are several toxins that interfere with synaptic transmission. Botulism toxin, for example, interferes with the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles with the membrane of the axon bulb. This would result in which one of the following? inability of neurotransmitter to bind the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane slow diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft blockage of Ca2+diffusion into the axon

blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane

two sub divisions of the motor division are....what do they do?

- somatic and autonomic- somatic controls skeletal muscles- autonomic controls smooth, muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Which of the following would cause an acceleration of heart rate, an increase in blood pressure, and a slowing of digestive processes? a. motor division of the somatic nervous system b. sensory branch of the central nervous system c. parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system d. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

10: d

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating the heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure? a. cerebral cortex b. medulla oblongata c. cerebellum d. thalamus

11: b

The coordination necessary for a musician to play the piano depends on control exerted by the: a. cerebral cortex b. medulla oblongata c. cerebellum d. thalamus

12: c

All of the following are associated with storage of long-term memory except a. limbic system b. cerebral cortex c. permanent changes in neurons d. formation of new synapses

13: a

Which of the following is a characteristic of psychoactive drugs? a. they do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier b. they alter levels of neurotransmitters c. they can alter the amplitude of action potentials d. they alter the speed with which action potentials travel

14: b

which of the following statements regarding infections of the nervous system is accurate? a. most cases of encephalitis are caused by bacteria b. rabies can be treated with antibiotics c. bacterial meningitis is generally more severe than viral meningitis d. the blood brain barrier is not effective at preventing microorganisms from entering the central nervous system

15: c

Which of the following statements correctly characterizes an action potential? a. action potentials are initiated by depolarization of the membrane to threshold b. action potentials reverse the membrane potential so that the interior is negatively charged and the exterior is positively charged c. a stronger action potential will travel faster than a weaker action potential b. action potential are more likely to result when the membrane is hyper-polarized

1: a

Which of the following cell types makes up the majority of cells in the nervous system? a. sensory neurons b. motor neurons c. neuroglial cells d. interneurons

3: c

What do multiple sclerosis and ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis) have in common? a. They both are more common in young men than in young women b. motor neurons c. neuroglial cells d. interneurons

4: c

All of the following are directly involved in synaptic transmission except a. voltage-sensitive ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane b. chemical-sensitive ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane c. Ca2+ d. neurotransmitters

5: a

An ________ neurotransmitter causes ________ of the postsynaptic membrane a. inhibitory.....depolarization b. excitatory.....depolarization c. inhibitory......hyper-polarization d. Both (b) and (c) are correct

6: d

Information coming into the central nervous system arrives via _______ while information going from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organs travels via ____________. a. motor neurons.... sensory neurons b. neuroglial cells.....motor neurons c. sensory neurons.....motor neurons d. sensory neurons.......interneurons

7: c

The brain and spinal cord make up the a. sensory nervous system b. central nervous system c. sympathetic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system

8: b

A spinal reflex requires the participation of each of the following except a. cerebral cortex b. sensory neuron c. interneuron d. motor neuron

9: a

mc: Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following? glial cells motor neurons interneurons sensory neurons

?????

mc: Severing the corpus callosum would likely result in which of the following? the inability to regulate body temperature the inability to distinguish sound stimuli from touch stimuli the misdirection of visual stimuli to the temporal lobe of the brain the hemispheres of the brain operating completely independently

?????

mc: How does a cell generate the resting membrane potential? Both potassium and sodium are pumped into the cell, creating a net positive charge inside of the cell. Sodium is pumped out of the cell and potassium is pumped into the cell, creating a net negative charge inside of the cell. Sodium is pumped into the cell, creating a net negative charge outside the cell. Potassium is pumped out of the cell, creating a net negative charge inside of the ce

??????

mc: By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus? A stronger stimulus results in faster traveling action potentials. A stronger stimulus results in greater depolarization. A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials per unit time. A stronger stimulus results in hyperpolarization of the neuron.

A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials per unit time.

two principle parts of the nervous system

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

mc: All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one? Psychoactive drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata. Psychoactive drugs directly affect neurotransmitters. Psychoactive drugs change the normal patterns of brain electrical activity.

Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata.

tf: Motor neurons of the peripheral nervous system transmit impulses away from the central nervous system. True False

True

4 characteristics of the nervous system

- Receives information from many sources simultaneously - integrates information (processes, complies, makes sense) - Extremely fast - Can initiate specific responses such as muscle contraction, glandular secretion, conscious control over movement

Which of the following influences the speed of an action potential? a. the presence of a myelin sheath b. the extent of depolarization that initiates the action potential c. the diameter of the axon d. both the presence of a myelin sheath and the diameter of the axon

2: d

mc: By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus? A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials per unit time. A stronger stimulus results in hyperpolarization of the neuron. A stronger stimulus results in greater depolarization. A stronger stimulus results in faster traveling action potentials.

A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials per unit time.

mc: During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________. Ca2+; neurotransmitter Na+; receptors neurotransmitters; Ca2+ Na+; K+

Ca2+; neurotransmitter

fi: The ________, where damage initially starts in patients with Alzheimer's disease, is thought to play an important role in the storage and retrieval of memory and learning.

Hippocampus

mc: Which one of the following happens during repolarization of a neuron? Sodium channels open to allow sodium ions to rush out of the cell. Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell. Potassium channels close, preventing further loss of positive ions. The sodium-potassium pump is turned off.

Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell.

mc: Which one of the following steps accurately describes a feature of the absolute refractory period? The neuron cannot generate another action potential during the absolute refractory period. Potassium channels are open for the entire length of the absolute refractory period. A nerve impulse fails to reach threshold during the absolute refractory period. ) Sodium channels are open for the entire length of the absolute refractory period.

The neuron cannot generate another action potential during the absolute refractory period.

tf: A student noticed that every time he smelled a certain perfume in the hallway, it reminded him of his mother. These fond memories were due largely to the activity of the limbic system. True False

True

mc: During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument into the head through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next? pia mater vertebrae arachnoid cerebrospinal fluid

arachnoid

mc: Which one of the following is NOT directly involved in the production of a typical spinal reflex? sensory neuron interneuron brain motor neuron

brain

mc: The central nervous system is composed of which of the following? sensory division and motor division somatic division and autonomic division brain and spinal cord ) autonomic nervous system and brain

brain and spinal cord

mc: People who are intoxicated cannot coordinate their movements or walk a straight line because alcohol disrupts the normal function of which region of the brain? cerebellum cerebrum corpus callosum hypothalamus

cerebellum

mc: Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following? cerebellum cerebral cortex medulla oblongata hypothalamus

cerebral cortex

mc: Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following? cerebellum hypothalamus cerebral cortex medulla oblongata

cerebral cortex

mc: Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following? hypothalamus medulla oblongata cerebellum cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

The nervous system works with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.

endocrine

mc: Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain? acetylcholine epinephrine serotonin endorphins

endorphins

tf: The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system and the limbic nervous system. True False

false

mc: The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the frontal, parietal, occipital. forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain. ventricles, meninges, nerve tracts. cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons.

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.

mc: Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells depolarize sequentially. depolarize simultaneously. activate the sodium-potassium pump of a Schwann cell. form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.

form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.

mc: From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain? cerebrum hindbrain midbrain forebrain

hindbrain

mc: From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain? forebrain cerebrum midbrain hindbrain

hindbrain

mc: Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following? motor neurons interneurons glial cells sensory neurons

interneurons

mc: Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the medulla oblongata. thalamus. hypothalamus. cerebral cortex.

medulla oblongata.

mc: Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the thalamus. cerebral cortex. medulla oblongata. hypothalamus.

medulla oblongata.

mc: Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions? peripheral motor sensory central

motor

mc: Which one of the following cells transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs? interneurons sensory neurons neuroglia motor neurons

motor neurons

mc: Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are myelinated. neuroglial cells. found primarily in lymphatic fluids. located only in the spinal fluid.

neuroglial cells.

mc: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that causes disfunction of which type of cell? Schwann cells sensory neurons oligodendrocytes interneurons

oligodendrocytes

mc: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease that causes disfunction of which type of cell? interneurons Schwann cells oligodendrocytes sensory neurons

oligodendrocytes

Where is the peripheral nervous system located?

outside the brain and spinal cord

mc: A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential. refractory action resting graded

resting

two main divisions of the peripheral nervous system are...what do they do...

sensory and motor- sensory carries info towards CNS- motor carries info away from CNS

mc: Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment? parasympathetic division sensory division sympathetic division

sensory division

mc: Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment? sensory division motor division sympathetic division parasympathetic division

sensory division

The _____ division carries info away from the CNS and the ________ division carries info towards the CNS.

sensory, motor

fi: Because the central nervous system is so important to the proper functioning of the body, the brain is encased in the hard shell of the __ ______ and the spinal cord is encased by the interlocking __ ______.

skull, vertebrae

mc: Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential? sodium-potassium pump Na+ leak channel K+ leak channel depolarization

sodium-potassium pump

mc: Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movements are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system? sensory division sympathetic division somatic division parasympathetic division

somatic division

mc: Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movements are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system? sympathetic division parasympathetic division somatic division sensory division

somatic division

two parts of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic and parasympathetic

mc: Severing the corpus callosum would likely result in which of the following? the misdirection of visual stimuli to the temporal lobe of the brain the inability to distinguish sound stimuli from touch stimuli the hemispheres of the brain operating completely independently the inability to regulate body temperature

the hemispheres of the brain operating completely independently

mc: Saltatory conduction is the movement of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft. the activation of the fight-or-flight response. an action potential generated in taste receptors or buds. the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons.

the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons.