Chapter 11 RECONSTRUCTION
Ten Percent Plan
Lincoln's plan that allowed a southern state to form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States
Jim Crow Laws
Similar to Black Codes, these laws were passed in southern states after Reconstruction to continue limiting African-American rights for decades to come.
Jim Crow laws
any of the laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880s and enforced through the 1950s
enforcement laws
authorized federal persecutions, military intervention and martial law to suppress terrorist activities
Grandfather Clause
descendants of pre-1867 votes were exempted from the strict voting regulations in many southern states
Radical Republicans
during and after the Civil War, a member of the Republican Party who believed in and fought for the emancipation of slaves and, later, the equal rights of American blacks
Ku Klux Klan
established in 1866, a secret, white supremacist terrorist group that resisted Reconstruction by tormenting black Americans
Hiram Revels
The first African American to serve in the U.S. Congress.
Segregation
Legal separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
debt peonage
a system of servitude in which debtors are forced to work for the person to whom they owe money until they pay off the debt
Compromise of 1877
..., Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river
Thirteenth Amendment
1865 amendment to the United States Constitution that bans slavery throughout the nation
40 acres and a mule
1865 as Sherman moved through the south he issues a grant of 40 acres of farmable land and a mule to freed slaves in an attempt to solve the problems of refugees
Slaughter-House Cases 1873
1873 - butchers attempted to sue monopolies - claimed 14th Amendment protected invididual rights - SC ruled that 14th did not apply - destroyed power of 14th Amendment - weakened its ability to protect blacks' rights
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history
Thaddeus Stevens
A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.
Compromise of 1877
A compromise reached between Democrats and Republicans after the election of 1876 did not produce a clear winner in the Electoral College. Democrats agreed not to block Hayes' victory on the condition that Republicans withdraw all federal troops from the South, thus consolidating Democratic control over the region.
Carpetbaggers
A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.
Panic of 1873 (1873-1879)
A severe international economic depression triggered by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products. *Historical Significance:* Led to the *Railroad Strike of 1877*.
Sharecropping
A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.
poll tax
A tax of a set rate that is imposed on each person in a population. In this case, these taxes were enacted in order to block African-Americans from being allowed to vote.
literacy test
A test of one's ability to read and write. These tests were used in order to block Africa-Americans from being allowed to vote.
John Wilkes-Booth
Actor who assassinated President Lincoln
Fifteenth Amendment
Amendment to the United States Constitution that forbids any state to deny African Americans the right to vote because of race. All males 21+ can vote.
Fifteenth Amendment
Amendment to the United States Constitution that forbids any state to deny African Americans the right to vote because of race. MEN ONLY.
Fourteenth Amendment
An amendment to the United States Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the law and rights of CITIZENSHIP to all people born or naturalized in the USA, including former slaves.
Fourteenth Amendment
An amendment to the United States Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the law and rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the USA, including former slaves.
Abraham Lincoln
Believed in reconciliation and preserving the union at all costs. 10% Plan.
W.E.B. DuBois
Believed that full social, political and economic rights must be demanded for now. Founded the NAACP.
Impeach
Bring charges of serious wrongdoing against a public official
Impeach
Bring charges of serious wrongdoing against a public official (President)
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Confederate cavalry leader who later became a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan
Congressional Reconstruction
Congress took control of Reconstruction in 1867. Federal troops were sent to the South to oversee the establishment of state governments that were more democratic
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Congress' Plan- Necessary requirements for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union. Organized Confederate States into military districts, had to ratify 14th amendment with new state constitutions.
Election of 1876
Ended Reconstruction. Republican candidate (Hayes) was allowed to win in exchange for troops leaving the South. Enforcement of all Reconstruction laws was removed.
Literacy test
Examination to see if a person can read and write; used in the past to restrict voting rights
Freedmen's Bureau
Government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves
Freedmen's Bureau
Government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves. Helped with education, jobs, living, etc.
Freedmen's Bureau
Government organization created in March 1865 to aid displaced blacks and other war refugees.active until the early 1870s. Significant b/c it was first federal agency in history that provided direct payments to assist those in poverty and to foster social welfare
amnesty
Government pardon
Samuel J. Tilden
Hayes' opponent in the 1876 presidential race, he was the Democratic nominee who had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes.
Ulysses S. Grant
He was elected in the republican party in 1868. Primarily focused on reconstruction and attempted to protect the civil rights of blacks. His presidency was soiled by different corrupt politicians.
Presidential Reconstruction
In 1865, President Johnson allowed the Southern states to reconstruct themselves. Most enacted black codes that severely restricted the rights of former slaves
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868 of which one of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office and replaced him with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Law passed by Radical Republicans to guarantee equal rights to African-Americans and had to be enforced by Federal troops.
grandfather clause
Law that excused a voter from a literacy test if his father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on January 1, 1867; kept freedmen from voting.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
Segregation
Laws that separates people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences
Lincoln's 10% Plan and the Wade Davis Bill (Compare)
Lincoln's plan was never implemented and it was a much less strict version of the Wade Davis bill. It would have granted amnesty to most ex-confederates and allow each rebellious state to return to the union once 10% of its votes had taken a loyalty oath and that state approved the 13th amendment. The Wade-Davis Bill was much harsher, it required an oath of allegiance by a majority of each state's adult white men, new governments formed only by those who had never taken-up arms against the union and permanent disenfranchisement of confederate leaders. This plan was passed but pocket vetoed by the president.
Freedmen
Men and women who had been slaves
Examples of Black Codes
Not being allowed to vote Not being able to marry whites No holding public office Not allowed to have jobs other than servant or farmer unless they paid an annual tax. Curfews Labor Contracts - Like slavery
Compromise of 1877
Official end of Reconstruction. Democrats reluctantly agreed that Hayes might take office in return for his withdrawing intimidating federal troops from the two states in which they remained, Louisiana and South Carolina, etc.
Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
One of the Reconstruction Amendments *Provisions:* Outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
Civil Rights Act 1866
Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.
Radical Reconstruction
Period beginning in 1867 when the Republicans who had control in both houses of Congress, took charge of Reconstruction
Radical Reconstruction
Period beginning in 1867 when the Republicans who had control in both houses of Congress, took charge of Reconstruction. Radical - wanted to make changes.
Sharecropper
Person who rents a plot of land from another person and farms it in exchange for a share of the crop
Sharecropper
Person who rents a plot of land from another person and farms it in exchange for a share of the crop.
How did Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, and Robert Smalls illustrate the opening of leadership roles to former slaves?
Political opportunities for blacks increased during reconstruction. Robert smalls former slave and civil war hero, became the first black congressman, Hiram Revels became the first African american in the senate (stealing Jefferson davis's seat), and Blanche K. Bruce was the first elected black senator to serve a full term. Their great advances as black politicians led to a building of black communities and an increased representation of African Americans in congress. Black churches doubled in America and served as schools and meeting places for African americans. Additionally the Civil Rights Act of 1875 granted full and equal access to political accommodation.
Andrew Johnson
President after Lincoln. He had the most LENIENT plan (the most forgiving toward the South).
Andrew Johnson
President during Reconstruction who avoided impeachment by one vote in the Senate
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.
Compare the goals of Radical Republicans, freed people, and ex-Confederates during reconstruction and explain what conflicts resulted from their differing agendas.
Radical republicans passed their own reconstruction plan through congress in 1864. Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, they demanded harsher measures in the south, more protections for the Freedmen, and more guarantees that Confederate nationalism was completely eliminated. In 1866, radical republicans supported the the civil rights act, which granted citizenship and equal protection to blacks. The Reconstruction act of 1867 divided the south into 5 districts. Additionally, congressional radical reconstruction ordered states to provide suffrage for blacks and deny it to ex-confederates.
Reconstruction
Rebuilding of the South after the Civil War 1864-1876
Reconstruction
Rebuilding of the South after the Civil War1864-1876
Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
Ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment safeguarded a person's rights only at a federal level, not at a state level.
Ku Klux Klan
Secret society organized after the Civil War to reassert white supremacy by means of violence
Examples of Jim Crow Laws
Separate seating on buses, black schools and white schools
Discussion Question 1
Share Cropping- Labor system by which landowners impoverished southern farm workers, particularity African Americans divided the proceeds from the crops harvested on the landowner's property. With local merchants providing supplies-in exchange for a lien on the crop-sharecropping pushed farmers into cash-crop production. Significant b/c they often trapped the farmer into long-term debt.
"Redemption"
Southern Democrats term for their return to power in the South in the 1870s
South after the war
Southern economy was devastated (factories, farms, transportation system, & men all destroyed or lost)
Black Codes
Southern laws that severely limited the rights & movement of African Americans after the Civil War
Black Codes
Southern laws that severely limited the rights of African Americans after the Civil War
Jim Crow Laws
State laws in the South that legalized segregation.
Poll tax
Tax required before a person can vote
How did southerners respond to the changes to their society? You should discuss both positive and negative.
The Republicans in the North attempted in implement changes that would aid the black citizens in establishing a viable lifestyle. The majority of Southern citizens, however, were not supportive of the changes. The counter revolution in the south consisted of redeemer governments, which ousted republican governments in the south often through violence and intimidation. The KKK targeted these republicans and African Americans. This group consisted of white supremacists whose main goal was to reestablish the South to what they saw as its former glory before the outbreak of the Civil War. The KKK used awful tactics such as lynching to scare blacks away the polls.
Military Districts
The South was divided into these five sections during Congressional Reconstruction.
"Lost Cause"
The phrase many white Southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication
Explain how the United States Supreme Court undermined the 14th Amendment for both freedmen and women and what do you see as the long term consequence of these actions?
The supreme court ruled that the 14th amendment did not prevent private discrimination, only governmental discrimination. Private acts of racial discrimination were simply private wrongs that the national government was powerless to correct. This made it possible for discrimination against freedmen and women to continue without consequence in their everyday lives. Almost 100 years later, we can see the repercussion of disenfranchisement toward women and blacks. In the 1960s, both groups advocated for an increase in lawful protection to decrease their marginalization.
Poll Tax
To be eligible to vote you must pay a poll tax, most southern African Americans couldn't afford it.
Literacy Tests
Used to keep people of color and sometimes poor whites from voting. Officials administering them could rig the test and pick and choose who they wanted to pass by giving each person a different question with different difficulties.
Scalawag
White Southerner who supported the Republicans during Reconstruction
carpetbagger
a Northerner who went to the South after the Civil War and became active in Republican politics, perhaps to profiteer from the unsettled social and political conditions of the area during Reconstruction; named for a piece of luggage travelers often carried
Thirteenth Amendment
a constitutional change ratified in 1865 abolishing slavery in the United States
Fourteenth Amendment
a constitutional change ratified in 1868 granting citizenship to all former slaves by declaring that anyone born in the United States is a citizen; it also extended to blacks the rights of due process of law and equal protection under the law
Fifteenth Amendment
a constitutional change ratified in 1870 granting black males the right to vote
Freedmen's Bureau
a federal agency established in 1865, at the end of the Civil War, to help and protect the 4 million newly freed black Americans as they transitioned out of enslavement
sharecropping
a form of tenant farming in which the land owner provides a tenant not only with land but also with the money needed to purchase equipment and supplies and possibly also food, clothing, and supervision
amnesty
a general pardon for a crime, usual a political one, issued by a government to a specific group of people]
grandfather clause
a provision in a law that exempts anyone already involved in a certain activity from any new restrictions on the activity that are established by the law
civil rights
a right that is guaranteed to all citizens of a country
tenant farming
a system of agriculture in which landowners rent plots of land to workers, who pay for the use of the land in cash, with a share of the crop raised, or both
15th Amendment
forbade states to deny citizens the right to vote on grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Significant b/c it led to hundreds of thousands of African Americans to vote across the south in the election of 1870.
Amnesty Act of 1872
gave forgiveness to former Confederates and Whites in the South and allowed them to vote again
Specie Resumption Act of 1875
issued by Congress, limited reduction of greenbacks, full resumption of specie payment by Jan. 1879, causes deflation angering farmers and workers
Black Codes
laws enacted in 1865 and 1866 in the former Confederate states to restrict freedom and opportunities for African Americans
Black Codes
laws passed by southern states after civil war that denied ex-slaves the civil rights enjoyed by whites, punished vague crimes such as vagrancy or failing to have a labor contract. Significant b/c it tried to force african americans back to plantation labor systems that closely mirrored those in slavery times
14th Amendment
made all native born or naturalized persons in the U.S. citizens and prohibited states from abridging the rights of national citizens, thus giving primacy to national rather than state citizenship. Also reduced state representation in the house of representatives by the percentage of adult male citizens who denied the vote.
home rule
power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs
13th Amendment
prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude except for punishment for crime.
Tenant Farming
system of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter
Plessy vs. Ferguson
the 1896 Supreme Court case that established the controversial "separate but equal" doctrine by which segregation became legal as long as the facilities provided to blacks were equivalent to those provided to whites
segregation
the forced separation of races in public places
lynch
to kill someone without approval by law, often by hanging and by a mob of people
scalawag
white Southerners who supported Reconstruction-era Republicans; included non-slaveholding, small-time farmers; middle-class professionals and others who had stayed loyal to the Union during the war
