Chapter 11 Sleep Disorders

Narcolepsy

-a sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of REM sleep and occasionally REM paralysis into the waking state -may be due to genetic orexin deficiency or/and environmental factors

Benzodiazepines

-effective in the short term -complications: tolerance, cessation leads to insomnia, addiction, increase of stage 2 sleep while decrease of stage 4 and REM

Reducing Jet Lag

-gradually shift sleep-wake cycle prior to travel -administer post-flight treatments to promote the needed shift

Recuperation Theories

-sleep is needed to restore homeostasis -wakefulness causes a deviation from homeostasis

Circadian Theories

-sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism -sleep evolved to protect us from the dangers of the night

Apnea

-the total absence of airflow for a period of time during sleep -most commonly seen in males, the overweight, and the elderly

Sleep Terror

a NREM episode in which the individual is partially aroused, disoriented, frightened, and inconsolable

Nightmare

a REM dream with disturbing content

Hypnogogic Hallucinations

a REM type dream that intrudes into the waking state prior to the onset of sleep

Hypnopompic Hallucinations

a REM type dream that intrudes into the waking state upon awakening

Shift Maladaptation Syndrome

a condition resulting in health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems resulting from sleep disruption due to shift work

Cataplexy

a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis intrudes into the waking state

Sleep Paralysis

a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis occurs preceding or following actual sleep

Hypopnea

a reduction in airflow during sleep

Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)

a sleep disorder in which a limb usually a leg moves at regular intervals during sleep

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

a sleep disorder in which the normal REM paralysis is absent

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

a syndrome in which an otherwise healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep

Evolutionary Model of Dreaming

a theory suggesting that dreaming provides the advantage of consolidating memories during sleep rather than during waking

Threat Simulation Hypothesis

a theory suggesting that dreams provide practice for dealing with threats

Activation-Synthesis Theory

a theory that suggesting that dream content reflects ongoing neural activity

Neural Network Model

an approach to understanding the function of dreaming as a means for forgetting irrelevant information

Insomnia

difficulty initiating or maintaining enough sleep to feel rested

Hypersomnia

disorders of excessive sleep or sleepiness

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

dreaming while awake

Jet Lag

fatigue, irritability, and sleepiness resulting from travel across time zones

Maintenance Insomnia

insomnia in which the individual cannot stay asleep during the night

Onset Insomnia

insomnia in which the individual has difficulty getting to sleep at bedtime

Sleeptalking

speech during early stages of NREM and REM

Lucid Dreaming

thoughtful dreaming; the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming and can manipulate the experience

Sleepwalking

walking during deep stages of NREM