Chapter 11 Sleep Disorders
Narcolepsy
-a sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of REM sleep and occasionally REM paralysis into the waking state -may be due to genetic orexin deficiency or/and environmental factors
Benzodiazepines
-effective in the short term -complications: tolerance, cessation leads to insomnia, addiction, increase of stage 2 sleep while decrease of stage 4 and REM
Reducing Jet Lag
-gradually shift sleep-wake cycle prior to travel -administer post-flight treatments to promote the needed shift
Recuperation Theories
-sleep is needed to restore homeostasis -wakefulness causes a deviation from homeostasis
Circadian Theories
-sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism -sleep evolved to protect us from the dangers of the night
Apnea
-the total absence of airflow for a period of time during sleep -most commonly seen in males, the overweight, and the elderly
Sleep Terror
a NREM episode in which the individual is partially aroused, disoriented, frightened, and inconsolable
Nightmare
a REM dream with disturbing content
Hypnogogic Hallucinations
a REM type dream that intrudes into the waking state prior to the onset of sleep
Hypnopompic Hallucinations
a REM type dream that intrudes into the waking state upon awakening
Shift Maladaptation Syndrome
a condition resulting in health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems resulting from sleep disruption due to shift work
Cataplexy
a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis intrudes into the waking state
Sleep Paralysis
a feature of narcolepsy in which REM muscle paralysis occurs preceding or following actual sleep
Hypopnea
a reduction in airflow during sleep
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)
a sleep disorder in which a limb usually a leg moves at regular intervals during sleep
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
a sleep disorder in which the normal REM paralysis is absent
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
a syndrome in which an otherwise healthy infant stops breathing and dies during sleep
Evolutionary Model of Dreaming
a theory suggesting that dreaming provides the advantage of consolidating memories during sleep rather than during waking
Threat Simulation Hypothesis
a theory suggesting that dreams provide practice for dealing with threats
Activation-Synthesis Theory
a theory that suggesting that dream content reflects ongoing neural activity
Neural Network Model
an approach to understanding the function of dreaming as a means for forgetting irrelevant information
Insomnia
difficulty initiating or maintaining enough sleep to feel rested
Hypersomnia
disorders of excessive sleep or sleepiness
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
dreaming while awake
Jet Lag
fatigue, irritability, and sleepiness resulting from travel across time zones
Maintenance Insomnia
insomnia in which the individual cannot stay asleep during the night
Onset Insomnia
insomnia in which the individual has difficulty getting to sleep at bedtime
Sleeptalking
speech during early stages of NREM and REM
Lucid Dreaming
thoughtful dreaming; the dreamer is aware that he or she is dreaming and can manipulate the experience
Sleepwalking
walking during deep stages of NREM
