Chapter 11 Sociology

These laws were codified in 1896's landmark Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson, which stated that ____ facilities were constitutional.

"separate but equal"

stereotypes

oversimplified ideas about groups of people

colorism

the belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

segregation

the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

According to Charles Wagley and Marvin Harris (1958), a minority group is distinguished by five characteristics: What are these five characteristics?

(1) unequal treatment and less power over their lives, (2) distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language, (3) involuntary membership in the group, (4) awareness of subordination, and (5) high rate of in-group marriage.

Who was Vivien Thomas?

A black surgical technician who helped develop the groundbreaking surgical technique that saves the lives of "blue babies" was classified as a janitor for many years, and paid as such, despite the fact that he was conducting complicated surgical experiments.

According to the textbook, in 2010, Native Americans accounted for what percentage of the U.S. populace? A.0.9% B.0.8% C.0.7% D.0.6%

A. 0.9%

Currently, the U.S. Census Bureau (2014) estimates that ___ percent of the United States' population is black. A. 13.2 percent B. 14.2 percent C. 15.3 Percent D. 16.3 percent

A. 13.2 percent

Currently, about ___ million people identify themselves as Native American alone, while an additional ____ million identify them as Native American mixed with another ethnic group A. 2.9 Million and 2.3 Million B. 1.9 Million and 2.0 Million C. 2.9 Million and 2.1 Million D. 4.0 Million and 1.9 Million

A. 2.9 Million and 2.3 Million

The National Urban League's 2011 Equality Index reports that blacks' overall equality level with whites has dropped in the past year, from ____ percent to ___ percent in 2010. A, 60.5 percent to 59.9 percent B. 71.5 percent to 71.1 percent C. 20.1 percent to 20.0 percent D. 30.8 percent to 20.3 percent

B. 71.5 percent to 71.1 percent

What was the first state to pass a law allowing physician-assisted suicide? A.Texas B. Oregon C. Washington D. NC

B. Oregon

Historical accounts suggest that between 1824 and 1908, white settlers killed more than ___ native aborigines in Tasmania and Australia A. 8,000 B. 2,000 C. 100 D. 10,000

D. 10,000

According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2014),___ percent of U.S. adults currently identify themselves as white alone. In this section, we will focus on German, Irish, Italian, and Eastern European immigrants. A. 70 percent B. 80 percent C. 90 percent D. 77.7 percent

D. 77.7 percent

Some historians estimate that Native American populations dwindled from approximately 12 million people in the year 1500 to barely ____ by the year 1900 (Lewy 2004). A. 200,000 B. 150,000 C.230,000 D.237,000

D.237,000

Who was Michael Brown?

Michael Brown was a young unarmed black man who got shot six times by Darren Wilson in Ferguson, MO

subordinate group

a group of people who have less power than the dominant group

dominant group

a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups

racism

a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

scapegoat theory

a theory that suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

The U.S. Census from 2008 shows that ___ percent of respondents reported being of German descent: the largest group in the country. A. 16.5 B.17.5 C. 18.7 D. 29.8

a. 16.5 percent

minority group

any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment

prejudice

biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people

A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the minority group. In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited black political and social power.

fact from textbook

The Indian Removal Act of 1830

forced the relocation of any native tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river.

The Indian Appropriation Acts funded further removals and declared that

no Indian tribe could be recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with which the U.S. government would have to make treaties. This made it even easier for the U.S. government to take land it wanted.

discrimination

prejudiced action against a group of people

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country

institutional racism

racism embedded in social institutions

The Dawes Act of 1887

reversed the policy of isolating Native Americans on reservations, instead forcing them onto individual properties that were intermingled with white settlers, thereby reducing their capacity for power as a group.

ethnicity

shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more

expulsion

the act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country

racial steering

the act of real estate agents directing prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

white privilege

the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group

genocide

the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group

pluralism

the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl:" a mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the "flavor" of the whole

sedimentation of racial inequality

the intergenerational impact of de facto and de jure racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth

redlining

the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and business located in predominately minority communities

amalgamation

the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group

assimilation

the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture

social construction of race

the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable

model minority

the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment

racial profiling

the use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone

intersection theory

theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

. According to the best estimates of the U.S. Census Bureau, the Arabic population in the United States grew from ____ in 1990 to ____million in 2000, an increase of .07 percent A. 850,000 to 1.2 million in 2000 B. 800,000 to 1.2 Million in 2000 C. 750,000 to 1.2 million in 2000 D. 700,000 to 1.2 million in 2000

A. 850,000 to 1.2 million in 2000

why, even though in 2010 only about 63 percent of its population was black, in 2013 blacks were detained in ___ percent of stops, __ percent of searches, and __ percent of arrests (Missouri Attorney General's Office 2014). A. 86 percent of stops, 92 percent of searches, and 93 percent of arrest B. 70 percent of stops, 40 percent of searches, and 80 percent of arrest C. 60 percent of stops, 30 percent of searches, and 20 percent of arrest D. 90 percent of stops, 90 percent of searches, and 90 percent of arrest

A. 86 percent of stops, 92 percent of searches, and 93 percent of arrest

A functionalist might look at "functions" and "dysfunctions" caused by racial inequality. Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society. Consider the way slave owners justified slavery in the antebellum South, by suggesting black people were fundamentally inferior to white and black. Another way to apply the functionalist perspective to racism is to discuss the way racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members.

fact from textbook

For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. Famed Interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group: Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo.

fact from textbook

culture of prejudice

the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture