Chapter 12-14 Exam
As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.
altruistic
Jim Smith, Don Carson, and Jeff Sweeney are all 54 years old, so they can be sorted into ________.
an age cohort
In the process of ________, new immigrants adopt products, habits, and values they identify with the mainstream culture.
assimilation
A ________ is an economy that is driven by a fairly small group of rich people.
plutonomy
Amos always felt that it was unfair that society created artificial divisions that discouraged him from having friends from different social structures. Which of the following terms describes the process that Amos is having difficulty with?
social stratification
Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?
social structure
Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________.
work/leisure
________ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).
Levi Strauss
Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right.
contamination
It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders.
cooptation
The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________.
craft products
Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.
cultural formula
Watercolor tats, Alexandre Birman textured-lamé sandals, blue velvet couches, Bitmojis, and selfies are part of the ________.
cultural movement
Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________.
cultural selection
Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products.
ecology
Culture is best described as a society's ________.
personality
Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.
ritual
________ is the way people maintain an orderly social life.
Social structure
A person who receives rewards and status because of his hard work is said to have achieved ________ status.
achieved
Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture?
anthropological
Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.
economic
The second stage in the rite of passage is ________.
liminality
China's economic boom has created 130 million people in what social class?
lower-middle class
Consumers who buy everything in sight are called ________.
spendthrifts
Blue-collar workers with relatively high-prestige jobs consider themselves as ________.
working class
________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group.
Ideology
________ is when ordinary objects, events, and even people take on sacred meaning.
Sacralization
________ refers to the strategy of getting visitors to a website to forward information on the site of their friends in order to make more consumers aware of a product.
Viral marketing
Which of the following would not be a part of the wedding ritual?
a. giving away the bride b. throwing rice c. tossing the girdle
Anna is a millionaire but she is constantly stressed and unhappy despite her wealth, Anna is experiencing ________.
affluenza
Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction?
an art product
Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?
convention
When a sacred item or symbol is removed from its special place or is duplicated in mass quantities, then it becomes profane as a result of ________.
desacralization
A ________ is defined as a group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from others.
subculture
A(n) ________ is a marketing intermediary retained by a consumer to guide what that consumer buys.
surrogate consumer
When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________.
trickle-up effect
A middle class person with an income at least 15 percent lower than the median middle class income, would be considered a(n) ________ consumer.
underprivileged
________ describes consumers in terms of their aesthetic and intellectual preferences.
A taste culture
________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday.
Profane
________ influence helps the consumer make decisions about specific brands or activities.
Social cue
________ argue(s) that each of us has several "selves that relate to groups."
Social identity theory
________ happens when we do not devote as much time and effort to a task as we could because our contribution is part of a larger group effect.
Social loafing
________ refers to the passage of individuals from one social class to another.
Social mobility
________ describes the capacity to alter the actions of others.
Social power
________ is the degree to which a person is able to make other people do something.
Social power
A nuclear family consists of ________.
a mother, a father, and at least one child
In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.
cultural gatekeepers
Fred has been a farmer all his life. He inherited the family farm when he was 35, but that was twenty years ago. Due to the economy, Fred has lost the farm and has taken a manual labor job in the city to support his family. What form of mobility best describes Fred's position?
downward mobility
The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system.
ecology
All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem.
marketing
________ occurs when an individual may have reason to believe that the group will apply sanctions to punish nonconforming behavior.
Fear of deviance
________ are consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but they achieve it on a budget.
Frugalistas
An age cohort that describes kids who were born in 2003 and later is ________.
Generation Z
________ refers to analytical techniques that combine data on consumer expenditures and other socioeconomic factors with geographic information.
Geodemography
________ refers to a stage in the gift-giving process, where the giver procures an item to make some event.
Gestation
________ foods are permissible under the laws of Islam.
Halal
________ group members tend to be tightly knit, and they infer meaning that goes beyond the spoken word.
High-context culture
A church that serves 2,000 or more congregants per week is called a ________.
megachurch
A group composed of people that the consumer actually knows is called a(n) ________ reference group.
membership
Myths serve four interrelated functions in a culture, which function explains the origins of existence.
metaphysical
A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.
myth
A set of socially relevant nodes connected by one or more relations is called a social ________.
network
________ is a frenzied, guilt-ridden compromise between conflicting cultural ideals of motherhood and professionalism.
The juggling lifestyle
Advertising to teens typically depicts ________.
"in" teens using the product
A component of a person's subculture is ________.
All of these
A cultural production system is a ________.
All of these
A reason why consumers conform is ________.
All of these
A type of reference group is ________.
All of these
Items such as Swiffer, Keurig, and Dove target ________.
Baby Boomers
Gen Y individuals are also included as ________.
Both Echo boomers and Millennials
________ measures how optimistic or pessimistic people are about the future health of the economy and how they will fare in the future.
Consumer confidence
________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.
Culture production system (CPS)
________ derives from the knowledge that a consumer possesses about a content area.
Expert power
________ refers to the factors that motivate people to physically uproot themselves from one location to another.
Movement
________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.
Norms
________ is a system in which we define people by what they do for a living.
Occupational prestige
________ are frequently able to influence others' attitudes on behavior.
Opinion leaders
________ are generally more involved in a product category and actively search for information.
Opinion seekers
________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.
Power distance
________ are 8- to 14-year-old children.
Tweens
________ proposes that a small group of influences disseminates information because they can modify the opinion of a large group.
Two-step flow model of influence
Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________.
b. profane c. sacred d. crescive
A type of virtual community of consumption based on sharing online journals is called ________.
blogs
An age ________ consists of people of similar ages who have undergone similar experiences.
cohort
The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.
collecting
Evan was an aggressive, rich, and determined businessman originally from a working class family. He had become wealthier than he had ever imagined by buying and selling other businesses. Evan seemingly could do anything until he tried a hostile takeover of an established bank owned by several prestigious families. When his bid failed, Evan said "I always knew there was an elite, but up to now I thought I was part of it." What type of capital was Evan lacking?
cultural
A ________ is a very short-lived fashion.
fad
A marketing manager who wants to identify opinion leaders for her product category should ________.
find socially active persons who are intensely interested in the product category and who are similar to the other customers
Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.
fortress
Consumers who refuse to sacrifice style, but achieve it on a budget are called ________.
frugalistas
Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information.
gatekeepers
All of the following are important components of social class EXCEPT for ________.
gender
According to Pierre Bourdieu, people's taste regarding entertainment and the arts serves as a status-making force or ________ that causes consumption preferences to cluster together.
habitus
Japan is a very tightly knit culture with rich history and social identification. In this culture, people tend to infer meanings that go beyond the spoken word. This classifies Japan as a ________ culture.
high-context
A tendency for people to marry in a social class similar to their own is called ________.
homogamy
The aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________.
ideology
Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________.
innovators
The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match?
psychological
A(n) ________ is an actual or imaginary individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluations, aspirations, or behavior.
reference group
A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________.
rite of passage
A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.
ritual
Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________.
ritual artifacts
Immigrants to the United States who exhibit ________ tend to live and shop in places separated from mainstream Anglo consumers.
segregation
A member of ________ has recently gained personal wealth and may experience status anxiety. Such individuals may try to display symbols of their success to make up for an internal lack of assurance about the "correct" way to behave.
the nouveau riche
Fashion refers to ________.
the process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers
Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings?
the reciprocity norm
An extended family unit is characterized by ________ living together.
three generations of a family
Gen Y'ers are totally at home in a ________ that communicates online and by cell phone (more likely via text and IM than by voice).
thumb culture